Tropical forests biodiversity is influenced by human activities in both positive and negative ways (Giam, 2017; Storch et al., 2018). Historically, clearcutting and selective logging have been the most commonly used forest management regimes, resulting in deforestation and degradation, respectively, that influence plant diversity and forest structure (Borma et al., 2013). For example, selective logging alters forest structure through creation of canopy gaps, logging roads, and skid trails (Magrach et al., 2016). On the other hand, clearcutting removes virtually all plant species (Keenan & Kimmins, 1993), and so shows lower recovery rate than selectively logged forest (Ding et al., 2017). Whereas both forest management regimes open the canopy and increase sunlight penetration (Ding &

No abstract

No abstract