This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets bonded to amalgam and porcelain using the conventional and Assure plus methods. 60 human maxillary premolar teeth used in this study. Group1 contained 12 samples; groups 2 and 3 groups contained 24 samples. In Group 1, the specimens were after acid etching, Assure plus and light Bond adhesive were applied to enamel surfaces. In group 2 a cavity was prepared in the buccal surface of teeth and sandblasted, then divided to 2 subgroups. In subgroup1, the brackets were bonded with assure plus and light bond. In subgroup 2 were used conventional method (metal primer and light bond adhesive). In group 3, 24 glazed metal-ceramic crowns were fabricated for maxillary premolar teeth. The samples were sandblasted and randomly divided in to 2 subgroups. In subgroup 1 one coat of porcelain conditioner was applied then Assure plus and light Bond adhesive were applied. Samples were etched by 9.6% hydrofl uoric acid and bonded with light bond In subgroup 1. SBS was evaluated by a Universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was conducted by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests. Group 1(enamel surface) showed a signifi cantly higher value compare to other groups (14.52 MPa) (P<.05). There were no signifi cant difference in SBS value between subgroups of amalgam and porcelain (7.70, 7.97 and 8.85, 8.54 MPa, respectively) (P>.05). Bracket bonding to amalgam and porcelain with assure plus resin produced suitable bond strengths. Although they produced the lower bond strength compared with enamel surface.
Objective:This study aimed to assess the efficacy of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser, pastes containing casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) with and without fluoride and their combination for prevention of white spot lesions in the enamel.Materials and Methods:This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 90 extracted sound premolars. The teeth were then randomly divided into six groups of 15: (1) Control, (2) laser, (3) CPP-ACP with fluoride (GC MI Paste, Recaldent™ 900 ppm as NaF), (4) CPP-ACP without fluoride (GC Tooth Mousse Recaldent™), (5) laser + CPP-ACP with fluoride, and (6) laser + CPP-ACP without fluoride. In each group, enamel surface was exposed to the remineralizing agent. The teeth were then subjected to pH cycling for 14 days. The teeth were then sectioned, polished, and underwent cross-sectional microhardness testing at 20–160 μ depth quantitatively. Using the Simpson's rule, the amount of mineral loss was calculated in each group. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA was used for the comparisons, and Tukey's test was applied for pairwise comparisons.Results:The highest mean volume percentage of microhardness at 20–60 μ depth belonged to the group laser + CPP-ACP with fluoride and the lowest belonged to the control group (P = 0.001). The differences were not significant at 80-120 μ depth (P > 0.05). These finding are confirmed according to △Z (mineral loss).Conclusion:Based on these results, Er: YAG laser was able to decrease demineralization and was a potential alternative to preventive dentistry and was more effective when combined with CPP-ACP products.
Upper buccal sulcus reconstruction with CO laser provides successful and stable results. CO laser application is suggested as an alternative to conventional vestibuloplasty.
Context: Divided attention is impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The influence of divided attention on people with AD has been considered from different perspectives, such as motor ability, cortical responses, performance in divided attention evaluation tasks, and comparison of divided attention and directed and focused attention. The purpose of the current study was to investigate divided attention in AD patients from these different perspectives.Evidence Acquisition: An electronic search was performed in January and February 2016 in PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Ovid databases to obtain relevant articles published from 1980 to 2015. The keywords used included "Alzheimer's disease", "attention", and "divided attention". The articles obtained were studied using the following standard protocol for inclusion criteria written in the English language, the focus of studies was on divided attention in AD, and no other types of cognitive ability. From the 60 articles found, 10 articles that were adhered to the inclusion criteria were selected for consideration. Results:The 10 studies reviewed considered divided attention in AD from different domains. These domains showed that AD patients had impaired performance in tasks that required divided attention and showed deficits in motor tasks stemming from the negative effects of impaired divided attention on motor ability. Different types of brain deficits have been observed in neuroimaging techniques in individuals with AD during divided attention tasks. Those with AD showed greater impairment for divided attention than for directed and focused attention. Conclusions:Divided attention influences the lives of those with AD from several perspectives. These include the inability to focus on two or several relevant stimuli simultaneously that require divided attention rather than directed and focused attention and a deficit in the performance of motor tasks such as gait and other problems in daily life, such as falling. In addition, depression also had a negative effect on divided attention. Depressed AD patients had more difficulty in daily activities than AD patients without depression. The areas of the brain involved in divided attention in individuals with AD differ from those involved in unaffected people.
Objective Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst is a rare developmental odontogenic cyst of the jaws. It is a less aggressive intraosseous cyst identified by an orthokeratinized epithelium. Case Report A 50-year-old male patient with the chief complaint of swelling in the anterior part of his face, and, intraorally, there was diffuse swelling in the palatal cortex. On panoramic radiography, there was a well-defined unilocular radiolucency on the right side of the maxilla and palatal cortical expansion, and thinning of the buccal and palatal cortexes was observed. The histopathological examination revealed a pathologic cyst that was lined by a thick orthokeratinized epithelium. Therefore, the diagnosis was orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst. Conclusion The orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst displays characteristic clinical, histopathological, and biological features that differ significantly from those of keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), but it has a better prognosis and lower recurrence rate. Thus, other radiolucent lesions of the jaws, including keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), must be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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