Taxonomic, biomorphological and ecological structures of bryophytes, their reproductive strategy and the main mechanisms of tolerance in the conditions of salinization were investigated. Bryophytes are the pioneers that have colonized the territory of a tailing storage that holds liquid waste from potassium-magnesium concentrate production of the Mining and Chemical Enterprise "Polymineral". Due to excess salts, the soil solution in the shore area of the tailing pond acquires high osmotic pressure. Three experimental plots which differed significantly in the level of the substrate salinity were laid at the distance of 3, 6 and 9 m from the reservoir for experimental studies. Water extracts of the substrates from the test sites showed the highest concentrations for sulfates – 10.4–64.6 mg Eq/100 g of soil and chlorides – 7.6–43.3 mg Eq/100 g of soil. It was established that the investigated areas of the tailing storage territory differed in the biochemical activity of the substrate, which was evaluated by its redox potential. On the areas of the uncovered substrate it was the lowest – 230 mV, which indicates anaerobiosis in conditions of very high salinization and moisture. Higher ROP values were determined at the sites of bryophyte cover distribution – 295–330 mV. The aim of the study was to determine the features of taxonomic, biomorphological and ecological structures of bryophytes, their reproductive strategy and to establish the main mechanisms of adaptation to the conditions of salinization on the tailing storage territory. 24 species and 3 varieties of bryophytes, belonging to 12 families and 16 genera were found on the shore of the tailing storage pond. The results of biomorphological and ecological analysis of bryophytes indicate the uneven conditions of the habitats and their considerable ecological plasticity. Among the bryophytes, mesophytes, xeromesophytes and meso-eutrophs, eutrophs with a life-form of low dense and loose turf dominated. In salinization conditions, dioicous acrocarpous mosses prevailed, the fertile turf of which, depending on the influence of abiotic factors, differed significantly in the number of sexual shoots, their ratio and productivity. Bulbils were found only on the tips of Bryum argenteum shoots. Along with Salicornia europaea L., a euhalophyte, the leading role in the initial stage of overgrowth of the tailing storage area most often belonged to Didymodon rigidulus, Bryum argenteum, Funaria hygrometrica and Barbula unguiculata. The process of formation of bryophyte cover occurred along a gradient of decrease in salt concentration at the experimental sites. Adaptation of bryophytes to substrate salinity is due to a change in metabolic processes, which is manifested in an increase of the total content of carbohydrates and an increase of the cation exchange capacity of moss cell walls, which is the primary barrier that reduces the toxic effect of ions under salt stress.
Bryophytes possess a wide ecological diapason allowing them to populate substrates of technogenic origins which are scarcely suitable or completely unsuitable for viability of vascular plants. 49 bryophyte species, which belong to 2 divisions, 3 classes, 8 orders, 17 families, and 33 genera have been found on the dump territory of sulphur extraction of the mining-chemical enterprise “Sirka” (Yavoriv district, Lviv region). Seven transects, three on the north slope (base, slope, top), three on the south slope and one on the plateau were laid for sample selections. 20 investigated 0.5 × 0.5 m plots located 2 m apart were analyzed within each 10 × 10 m transect. Specific composition, life forms, projective cover, biomass of bryophytes, numbers of male, female and sterile plants, moisture content in the turfs, pH and physiological investigation of mosses were determined on each plot. The quantitative analysis of the biomorphological structure allowed us to establish the dependence of the spread of life forms on exposition and slope height; essential variability of the projective cover and moss biomass. Bryophyte cover plays an essential part in optimization of the moisture regime and surface layer temperature of technogenic substrates, improving the conditions of growth localities. We established that on the dump the dominant moss species are dioecious with a high level of reproductive effort (sexual and sexless), with short ontogenesis and age of first reproduction, which provides the chance to produce the maximum number of progeny in the minimum period and to form a complete moss cover. The analysis of seasonal moss photosynthesis dynamics has demonstrated the adaptability of moss photosynthetic apparatus to contrasting climatic conditions and the ability to support the intensity of photosynthetic processes on a rather stable level during the vegetative period. Our research showed that bryophytes play an important role in productivity of plant cover on the post-technogenic territories of sulphur extraction. It was found that bryophytes play a role in accumulation of organic carbon and biogenic elements in the substrate of the sulphur extraction dump . Carrying out research of specific composition dynamics and species activity is the precondition for revealing the essence of the dynamic processes taking place in the structure of the bryophyte communities on devastated territories and the influence of these processes on the formation of vegetation on dump complexes.
The paper elucidates results of bryoflora study in the nature reserve «Medobory». In general 132 species of 28 families and 71 genera are found. The list includes 4 species of liverworts and 128 species of mosses, information about species distribution, life forms and also taxonomic comments for selected species.
Bryophytes as indicators of recovery posttechnogenic landscapes of sulfur extraction.
This work aims to investigate the role of the bryophyte cover in substrate revitalization on a post-technogenic salinized territory. The influence of the moss cover on the organic carbon content, actual acidity, redox potential, and the content of the main ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms in the substrate of the tailings storage of the Stebnyk Mining and Chemical Enterprise "Polymineral" was investigated. Bryophytes significantly affect the tailings storage saline substrates. They colonize areas with a very strong and strong degree of salinity, which are unsuitable for other plants. It was indicated that pioneer moss species promote the accumulation of organic matter in saline substrates of the tailings storage. Under moss turfs, the amount of organic carbon increased 2.2–5.0 times, compared with its content in the uncovered substrate. The high variability of the organic matter content is determined by the species characteristics of mosses, primarily their life form. The dense-turf species Didymodon rigidulus and Pthychostomum pseudotriquetrum var. bimum accumulated the most organic matter. The thickness of the litter under the moss turf of these species was much greater than in Barbula unguiculata and Funaria hygrometrica, which form loose turf. We assessed the specificity of the accumulation of organic carbon in the turfs of the studied mosses. It founded that most organic matter accumulated in the dead parts of the moss turf. In the green parts of the shoots of these moss species the amount of organic carbon was 3–4 times less, which indicates a relationship between litter capacity and content of carbon in the substrate under moss turfs. We investigated the influence of mosses on the actual acidity of the tailings storage substrate. Moss turfs promote the increase of acidity of the aqueous solution of the tailings substrate by 0.2–0.5 units. The tailings storage substrates are characterized by a reduction regime. The redox potential of the substrate under moss cover significantly depended on the species characteristics of mosses. Under the moss cover, the redox potential increased by 1.2–1.4 times, compared with the index for the substrate without moss cover. We studied the influence of moss cover on microbial biomass and the quantity of some ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in the substrates of the tailings storage. The amount of microbial biomass under moss turfs increased depending on the degree of the substrate salinization and the species characteristics of the mosses. In areas with a very high degree of salinization under the moss turfs of Didymodon rigidulus and Funaria hygrometrica, the microbial biomass index increased almost two times, compared with the uncovered substrate. We found a significant increase in the quantity of the main ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms (saprophytes, cellulose-destroying bacteria, oligonitrophils and nitrogen fixers) in the substrate under the moss cover. Thus, pioneer moss species have a complex effect on the saline substrate of tailings storage. They accumulate organic matter, increase the acidity of the upper layer, improve the redox regime of the substrate and promote the development of soil microbiota.
Бориславський нафтопромисловий регіон-один з найстаріших у Європі, і рослинність тут розвивалася на забруднених нафтопродуктами ґрунтах. Бріологічні дослідження у регіоні не проводилися, за винятком поодиноких фрагментарних зборів. Проте мохи є важливим компонентом первинних сукцесій на техногенно порушених субстратах і впливають на стан екосистеми. Для вивчення толерантності мохоподібних у таких умовах довкілля на території шістьох діючих нафтових свердловин м. Борислава проаналізовано видовий склад мохів та їх екологічну приуроченість. Експериментально досліджено морфо-фізіологічну мінливість та визначено особливості формування стійкості Ceratodon purpureus до нафтозабруднення.
On the territory of the Ivano-Frankivsk region were found 66 species of regionally rare bryophytes. Among them, mosses predominat, but the proportion of liverworts is significant. Based on the analysis of the taxonomic structure, it was established that the liverworts (Marchantiophyta) belong to 2 classes, 4 orders, 13 families, 16 genera, 19 species; mosses (Bryophyta) – to 3 classes, 12 orders, 20 families, 38 genera, 47 species. According to the number of species, bryophyte families are located as follows: Pottiaceae – 11 species (16,8 %); Brachytheciaceae – 5 (7,6 %); Cephaloziaceae and Splachnaceae – 3 (4,6 %), the rest of the families are oligo- and monospecies. Among rare species, the boreal geographical element predominates (27 species, 41,0 %), the following arid (11 species, 16,7 %), and nemoral (10 species, 15,1 %). The analysis of ecological groups of mosses and liverworts by type, chemistry, humidity, trophic and illuminance of the substrate is carried out. It was found that most rare species belong to the epigeous heliophytes. The chemistry of the substrate is dominated by acidoneutrophils, which grow on substrates with pH values from 3 to 7. The trophic dominance of species that occur on relatively nutrient-rich substrates; the humidity of the habitats is dominated by mesophytes, a significant hygrophytic group of species. Among the rare bryophytes, species with life forms of low turf, which occur mainly on soil and rocks, predominate. Most rare species with life forms of mats, tall turfs and wefts are confined to wetlands (swamps and shores of reservoirs), a significant part mat and short turfs – to rock outcrops. Sexual types of bryophytes and the presence of specialized organs of asexual reproduction have been determined. Rare species, confined to wet and humid ecotopes, are particularly sensitive to any changes in hydrothermal conditions.
49 bryophytes species belonging to 2 divisions, 3 classes, 8 orders, 17 families, 32 genera have been found on the territory of sulphur mining dump. Taxonomic, ecological and biomorphological structure of bryophytes have been analyzed, their life strategies have been determined. Seasonal changes in the projective cover and biomass of dominant mosses species have been investigated. The obtained data testify the important role of bryophytes in restoring vegetation cover on the devastated territories of sulphur extraction.
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