This research focuses on the problem of the correlation between discursive modality and illocutionary force - with substantiating variations in illocutionary force as a pragmatic basis for the scale-paradigm of deontic modality, influencing the binding force of international instruments. Guided by the criterion of explicitness and implicitness of illocutionary force markers, as well as their localization in performative or propositional part, the paper categorizes five classes of commissives in relation to speech acts: direct commissives, hedged direct commissives, indirect commissives, indirect implied commissives, hedged indirect implied commissives. Direct commissives when hedged preserve the performative verbs of self-commitment in their illocutionary part, while contain hedge structures and means of generalization in propositional part, scaling down the strength of commissive illocutionary force and associating deontic modality of commitments. Indirect commissives are illocutionary bicomponent acts, combining either expressive-commissive or assertive-commissive illocutionary forces. Indirect implied commissives and hedged indirect implied commissives rank at the penultimate and last levels of the scale of commissive deontic modality. They are devoid of a phrase subject designating the subject of the implementation of obligations. Predicates with the meanings of ‘necessity’ and ‘requirement’ indirectly mark obligations assumed whereas passive structures, nominalization, hedges, generalization, and other markers of decreased illocutionary force and associated deontic modality de-intensify such in international legal discourse.
In connection with integration in the European and World educational concord higher education of Ukraine needs substantial modernization. One of its constituents is introduction of the newest educational technologies in the educational process. The article focuses on the issues of distance learning, highlights the major changes in distance education that have occurred in recent years during the pandemic and overviews the main problems of the new approach to e-learning. The authors come to the conclusion that distance learning will require qualified teachers who will introduce new methods and technologies into modern electronic textbooks, the material of which is based on the principles of programmable control of knowledge acquisition.
By choosing the European vector of development and trying to integrate into the European energy market, Ukraine has committed itself to implementing European directives and regulations (EU Third Energy Package) and is interested in creating effective institutional support in the gas market. Unbundling is a prominent issue in this package, and it leaves the Member States the choice of two options: "ownership unbundling" versus an "independent system operator". According to the EU's Third Energy Package, Ukraine needs to carry out the process of separating its gas transmission system from production and supply of natural gas or electricity -so-called "unbundling". In general, the Third Energy Package is a package of laws aimed at increasing the efficiency of the energy market and creating a single market for gas and electricity in the EU. the purpose of this scientific and practical investigation is the issue of restructuring of "Naftogaz of Ukraine", the legal regime of use of property of distribution networks, further reform of the gas industry in Ukraine. The chronological order of the unbundling process in Ukraine was observed by analysing legal backgrounds & gaps in it. It was defined that the blocking process lasted until September 2019. With the arrival of the new government, an essentially new process of unbundling began, the terms of which were dictated by Naftogaz whose Executive Board is trying to retain control over the revenues from gas transit. Gaps & problems of GTS Operators (the new one as well as old one) were discovered. It was found that the new GTS Operator (Gas Transmission System Operator of Ukraine LLC), which was created by Naftogaz, continues Naftogaz's policy of including all problematic volumes of gas (no payment for which was received by Naftogaz) on the balance sheet of the GTS Operator.
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