The article examines the essence of the concepts of «organic products», «organic production», and «organic products market». In particular, the market of organic products in Ukraine and the Lviv region was analyzed. The state and dynamics of organic production in Ukraine are outlined: areas of organic agricultural land, operators of the organic products market, and volumes of finished organic products on the domestic market. The central geographical position, a large area of agricultural land, fertile soils, favorable climatic conditions and forest resources, low prices for land rent, growing demand of the population for organic food products, etc. contributed to the fact that Ukraine and Lviv region, in particular, is considered one of the essential suppliers of organic products. It was found that the structure of Ukrainian organic products is dominated by raw materials for the production of the final product (grains, legumes, oil crops), organic crop production is actively developing - the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, berries, and their processing (there are already Ukrainian certified cereals, jams, juices, syrups, dried fruits, teas, meat, and dairy products, etc.). The dynamics of the total area of organic agricultural land in Ukraine were analyzed. Over the past 20 years, the total area of agricultural land occupied under organic production and the transition period has increased by 257,850 hectares or by 61%. The dynamics of the number of organic operators in Ukraine are outlined. The volume of sales of finished organic products in the domestic market of Ukraine in 2021 was analyzed. Organic production is one of the priorities of the Lviv regional strategy. There are 28 operators of the organic products market in Lviv region, 6 of them are in the field of crop production, 8 are in the field of berry growing / horticulture, 12 harvest organic objects of the plant world (collection of wild plants) and process them, and 2 produce plant protection products (fertilizers). «Organic» departments have been opened in the following supermarket chains: «Silpo», «Ashan», «Metro», «Arsen», «Blyzenko», «Dva Kroky Vid Khaty». Annually on the main avenue of Ivan Franko Park the «Fair of Organic and Natural Products» is held in Lviv.
This article is devoted to the analysis of corruption problems in Central and Eastern European countries. As it is difficult to measure the volume of corruption, this article makes use of the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) from Transparency International as the main indicator of corruption levels in countries. Three countries – Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Georgia – are taken as examples, and by using macroeconomic modeling, which macroeconomic factors determine the rank of the state in the Corruption Perceptions Index on the basis of data analysis from 1998 to 2019 was researched. The Corruption Perceptions Index is taken as the dependent variable, and a plurality of factor characteristics includes general macroeconomic variables such as consumption, healthcare, taxes, foreign investment, and so on. The results of the calculations determine which macro indicators should be given attention to not only to reduce the level of corruption in the public sector, but also to increase the country’s position in the CPI. In addition, a system for preventing and fighting corruption is proposed, indicating anti‐corruption measures, expected results, and identifying certain components of this system’s functioning quality.
Стаття присвячена формуванню методологічних засад дослідження управління конфліктами. Окреслено сутність конфлікту як важливої складової взаємодії людей у суспільстві та інших соціальних утвореннях. Обґрунтовано сутність та узагальнено наукові погляди до трактування конфлікту. Визначено суть конфлікту як соціального феномену, його ознаки та основні підходи до вивчення конфліктів в соціогуманітарних науках. Розглянуто історичну ретроспективу формування наукових підходів щодо трактування конфліктів. Визначено змістовні положення соціологічних та психологічних теорій щодо вивчення конфліктів. Проаналізовано особливості трактування конфлікту в межах психологічної теорії. Окреслено інтрапсихічну (особистісну) інтерпретацію конфліктів, ситуативний та когнітивний підходи щодо вивчення конфлікту. Визначено позитивні та негативні функції конфлікту. Окреслено позитивні та негативні наслідки конфліктів на прикладі організації.
It is described in detail in the article the organic potential of European countries and Ukraine through the prism of specific indicators that characterize it. It is determined that the fullest organic potential of any state is revealed through a system of such indicators: land use in organic farming; number of producers of certified organic products; volumes of retail trade in organic products; volumes of exports and imports of organic products; cost of consumption of organic products per person; the largest importers of state organic products, etc. Based on the constructed complex diagram, which systematically characterizes the organic potential of European countries and, in particular, Ukraine through a set of its main indicators, it is proved that: 1) the most powerful European organic leaders in 2019 are: Austria, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Collectively, the indicators that characterize their organic potential in 2019 reached, compared to other European countries, high leadership positions; 2) according to statistics, it is determined that in 2019 Sweden for the first time after many years of importing organic grains became their exporter -116 million euros; 3) it is noted that Ukraine in the system of indicators characterizing its organic potential in 2019, among European countries is a pioneer, where the development of organic farming and organic food production is a strategic task of the state over the next few years. After all, the area of organic land in 2019 exceeded 460 thousand hectares, and the volume of exports of organic products in the same year reached the level of 272 million euros with only 470 state producers of certified organic products. The author proposes his own approach to assessing the effectiveness of organic potential in Ukraine through the prism of specific indicators-characteristics, which is generalized into a single integrated indicatorthe taxonomy coefficient. The calculations proved the instability of the taxonomic indicator during the study period, which, according to the author, indicates that the state organic potential and system of organic production in Ukraine is at the stage of formation and development.The analysis allows us to conclude that Ukrainian exporters of organic products are forced to solve a number of problems that hinder the intensification of supply of products from our country to the markets of other countries.
The article outlines the features of the essence of the household as a complex socio-economic phenomenon. The importance of studying the peculiarities of the formation of consumer behavior of households in the food market of Ukraine in modern socio-economic conditions is outlined. Studies of consumer behavior of households in the food market provide information on the patterns of manifestation, formation, development and satisfaction of aggregate individual needs in food, exchange and consumption of food to meet the needs of both individuals and society as a whole. An important component of the functioning of the household is the sphere of consumption, its consumer behavior. The main approaches to the interpretation of the essence and features of consumer behavior of households are analyzed: microeconomic, psychological, sociological and marketing approaches. The factors of formation of consumer behavior in the retail market of food products are considered. The analysis of the results of the study of consumer behavior of households in the food market on the example of the city of Lviv is carried out. The main types of consumer behavior of households are analyzed using scales “conservatism – innovation” and “thrift – demonstration” in the process of buying goods and services and their consumption. Based on self-assessment, almost half of respondents said that their households are characterized by a conservative type of consumer behavior. The degree of influence of the price on the purchase of food products depending on the type of consumer behavior of the household is analyzed. The influence of price on choice when buying food and eating outside the home by households is considered. The share of households that is ready to abandon the consumption of these groups of goods when the price increases is determined. The places where households buy food are outlined. It has been found that when buying food, a certain proportion of households check for the absence of harmful ingredients. When buying food, a quarter of the surveyed households always prefer special offers and promotional goods. Interviewed household members noted that food advertising is the most common.
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