The APS Journal Legacy Content is the corpus of 100 years of historical scientific research from the American Physiological Society research journals. This package goes back to the first issue of each of the APS journals including the American Journal of Physiology, first published in 1898. The full text scanned images of the printed pages are easily searchable. Downloads quickly in PDF format.
F o r k C i t y EIGIIT FIGURESThe capacity to excrete urine hypertonic to the blood has in the past been attributed only to the mammals (Smith, '32), and Crane ('27) has correlated this function with the thin limb of the loop of Henle, which is highly developed only in mammalian forms. However, Huber ('17) reports that a well-developcd thin segment is present in some of the nephrons of the chicken kidney, although this form, on d'Errico's evidence ( '07) is considered capable of elaborating a very slightly hypertonic urine. d'Errico 's observations are, however, open to the criticisms that the osmotic pressure of the urine was determined cryoscopically and under only a few physiological conditions, and the urine was allowed to come into contact with the cloaca. Because of the immediate bearing of this question on the function of the differcntiated segments of the renal tubules, and because of the intrinsic interest of the problem of water equilibrium in the bird, an examination has bcen made of the osmotic relations between blood and urine in the chicken under a variety of physiological conditions. The investigation has been extendied to include observations on glomerular activity, diuresis, and related problems.
METHODSThese experiments were performed on normal, unanesthetixed Rhode Island Reds, weighing between 1.85 and 3.5 kg. The urines for analysis were collected in :t manner similar to that described by Davis ('27) and by Pitts ('38). The birds were strapped, wings outspread, with their backs to a specially designed board, which held them in an almost vertical position. Before each experiment the cloaca was thoroughly flushed with warm water. Unless otherwise stated the birds were fasted for 18 to 24 hours before observation.Urine was collected through a glass tube, 8 to 9 mm. outside diameter, which fitted tightly into the cloaca, and the end of which was held immediately under the openings of the ureters in the urodeum. This 175
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