Purpose Pressure, being one of the key variables investigated in scientific and engineering research, requires critical and accurate measurement techniques. With the advancements in materials and machining technologies, there is a large leap in the measurement techniques including the development of micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors. These sensors are one to two orders smaller in magnitude than traditional sensors and combine electrical and mechanical components that are fabricated using integrated circuit batch-processing technologies. MEMS are finding enormous applications in many industrial fields ranging from medical to automotive, communication to electronics, chemical to aviation and many more with a potential market of billions of dollars. MEMS pressure sensors are now widely used devices owing to their intrinsic properties of small size, light weight, low cost, ease of batch fabrication and integration with an electronic circuit. This paper aims to identify and analyze the common pressure sensing techniques and discuss their uses and advantages. As per our understanding, usage of MEMS pressure sensors in the aerospace industry is quite limited due to cost constraints and indirect measurement approaches owing to the inability to locate sensors in harsh environments. The purpose of this study is to summarize the published literature for application of MEMS pressure sensors in the said field. Five broad application areas have been investigated including: propulsion/turbomachinery applications, turbulent flow diagnosis, experimentalaerodynamics, micro-flow control and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)/micro aerial vehicle (MAV) applications. Design/methodology/approach The first part of the paper deals with an introduction to MEMS pressure sensors and mathematical relations for its fabrication. The second part covers pressure sensing principles followed by the application of MEMS pressure sensors in five major fields of aerospace industry. Findings In this paper, various pressure sensing principles in MEMS and applications of MEMS technology in the aerospace industry have been reviewed. Five application fields have been investigated including: Propulsion/Turbomachinery applications, turbulent flow diagnosis, experimental aerodynamics, micro-flow control and UAV/MAV applications. Applications of MEMS sensors in the aerospace industry are quite limited due to requirements of very high accuracy, high reliability and harsh environment survivability. However, the potential for growth of this technology is foreseen due to inherent features of MEMS sensors’ being light weight, low cost, ease of batch fabrication and capability of integration with electric circuits. All these advantages are very relevant to the aerospace industry. This work is an endeavor to present a comprehensive review of such MEMS pressure sensors, which are used in the aerospace industry and have been reported in recent literature. Originality/value As per the author’s understanding, usage of MEMS pressure sensors in the aerospace industry is quite limited due to cost constraints and indirect measurement approaches owing to the inability to locate sensors in harsh environments. Present work is a prime effort in summarizing the published literature for application of MEMS pressure sensors in the said field. Five broad application areas have been investigated including: propulsion/turbomachinery applications, turbulent flow diagnosis, experimental aerodynamics, micro-flow control and UAV/MAV applications.
A disaster is an unforeseen calamity that causes damage to property or brings about a loss of human life. Quick response and rapid distribution of vital relief items into the affected region could save precious lives. In this regard, disaster management comes into play, which is highly dependent on the topography of the disaster-hit area. If the disaster-hit area has little or no road connectivity, the use of drones in such areas becomes essential for the delivery of health packages. Since the battery capacity of the drone is limited, there is a need of charging stations that should be transported using road infrastructure and pre-installed in disaster-prone areas, as access to these areas may be denied once the disaster hits. In this article, a simulation model was used to optimize the number and location of drone charging stations for deployment in a disaster-prone area in the pre-disaster scenario, aiming at the distribution of relief items to disaster-hit areas in the post-disaster scenario. We consider the relative priority of locations where a preference is given to the locations that have higher priority levels. An optimal number of charging stations and optimal routes have also been determined by using our optimization model. To illustrate the use of our model, numerical examples have been simulated for different sizes of the disaster-hit area and the number of targets. In our numerical simulation, it was observed that the drone's maximum distance capacity is the key factor in determining the optimal grid size, which directly correlates to the number of charging stations.
In this modern era of the rapid increase in population, a high rise in technology, and a large number of machinery installed, fuel demand has increased significantly. Non-renewable energies contribute a lot to producing energy worldwide, and that's why they are decreasing at an alarming rate. As an alternative, renewable energies have a high potential to solve this upcoming issue. In this paper, sunlight is utilized for the location of Islamabad, and an active solar tracker is designed. The objective is to develop a cost-effective system with low maintenance requirements. The tracking mechanism is modeled by two sensors, LDR and PV sensor. LDR sensor generates high resistance when light is incident on them, thus reducing the voltage production. PV sensors produce a voltage when sunlight is incident on them, and a voltage drop occurs if a shadow occurs. A thin plate between two LDR sensors or two PV sensors will cast a shadow according to the sun's position. It will create a voltage difference between the two sides, thus causing the system to track the sun. For smooth movement, a servomotor is an effective choice. The system is integrated with a microcontroller for a feedback system of output; Arduino Uno will regulate the uniform and accurate movement of the system. The research on azimuth and elevation angles for the location of an installment is also included in this paper. Different tests are performed for comparative study for both sensors to have performance analysis.
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