Detection of microbial contaminants of faecal origin is a major priority in the control of drinking water quality. The presence of faecal contamination is most often evaluated using members of coliform group 1 . Waters from different sources, i.e., rivers, lakes, reservoirs and groundwater aquifers are subjected to varying degrees of faecal pollution, and consequently freshwater is a vector of transmission of many pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa [2][3][4] . Despite the world-wide efforts and modern technologies utilized for the production of safe water, the transmission of waterborne diseases is still a matter of major concern. For decades the faecal coliform groups of bacteria has been used as an indicator of water quality with respect to the presence of human pathogens, because rapid and reliable routine monitoring of the microbiological quality of water, therefore, will remain of fundamental importance in the control of waterborne diseases, and ideally the occurrence and levels of all human pathogens should be monitored 5 .A great work has been done for the identification of contaminants of drinking water to prevent the water borne diseases throughout the world [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . In Pakistan, the research work has been done on drinking water in different parts of country, but in interior part of Sindh province such work on drinking water quality has not been done so far. The Khairpur City was selected for present work in order to estimate the microbiological load, pH and chlorine disinfection of drinking water supplied to community. This city has the population of 1,20,000 and large number of people has been poured in city from rural areas. As the waterborne diseases are reported and people are unaware of problem of drinking water contamination, therefore this study is an attempt to asses the quality of drinking water at source point and change in quality during distribution. This investigation also involves forecasting of drinking water quality for people of area, the data would be a useful tool for creating awareness amongst the residents, planers and decision-makers for future water supply scheme.Ninety samples in total, thirty samples from each site, i.e., main reservoir, distribution line and consumer taps, were collected. All sites were supplied from same water network that distributes water originating from surface water sources. Samples were collected in sterilized screw cap 500-ml white glass flasks (Pyrex), after a flow time of 5 min to eliminate any contaminant present. In order to neutralize the residual free chlorine, 10% solution sodium thiosulfate was added in sterile bottles 17 after collection. Samples were placed in ice boxes and brought to laboratory. Water pH and residual chlorine were determined at the time of collection using pH PAL high accuracy electrochemistry test pen and residual chlorine was determined by employing HI 3831 free chlorine test kit. Microbiological samples were analyzed within 4 h of collection by membrane filtration metho...
To assess the bacteriological quality 768 drinking water samples were collected from different locations in Khairpur City, Sindh, Pakistan over a period of two years from January 2006 to December 2007. The study reveals that out of 768 drinking water samples 567 (73.83%) samples were found to be contaminated with total coliform among them 85 (11.06%) found in the January-March period, 182 (23.70%) in April-June period, 188 (24.47%) in July-September, 112 (14.58%) in October-December period. Faecal coliform was found in 351 (45.70%) water sample, in which 49 (15.80%) occurred during January-March, 137 (17.83%) during April-June, 136 (17.71%) during July-September and 69 (8.98%) during September-December. It can be concluded from the results of the present study that bacteriological quality of two-third drinking water in Khairpur City is not safe as the water is the potential source of diarrhoeal disease agents. Keywords: Drinking water; Khairpur City; Faecal pollution; DiarrhoeaDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v25i1.4862 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 1, June 2008, pp 69-72
One hundred and twenty five soil samples were collected from five areas in the vicinity of Khairpur city, Sindh, Pakistan and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi by using hair bait technique. A total 253 isolates belonged to eight genera and eleven species of keratinophilic fungi were recovered. Maximum number (153/253, 60.5%) of keratinophilic fungi was recovered from farm land and poultry soils. Aspergillus niger was most prevalent species and represented 20.2% of the total number isolated. A. flavus and A. fumigatus were almost equal in their prevalence and represented 11.9 and 11.1%, respectively. Botrytis cinaria comes next constituting 9.9%; followed by Mucor spp. (9.1%) and Chochliobolus lunatus (8.3%). Other species isolated less frequently included Chrysosporum asperatum (5.9%), Fusarium spp. (5.1%), Penicillium spp. (3.1%) and A. wentii (2.4%). The distribution pattern of the different keratinophilic fungi and their significance are discussed.Keywords: Keratinophilic fungi, Prevalence, Keratinase, Hair bait techniqueDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i1.1246 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 1, June 2007, pp 79
A total 72 drinking water sample were collected and analyzed by membrane filtration method during 1 year study from various points in Khairpur City. Out of these 58 (80.55%) samples were found to be contaminated with thermo-tolerant Escherichia coli 2. The susceptibility of these isolates to 35 antibiotics was studied by disc diffusion method and the organism was highly sensitive to levoflaxin, cefipime, enoxobid, noroxin, tarivid, ciproxin, avelox, amikacin, kanamycin, rocifin, pipenedic acid and slightly sensitive to cravit, naladixic acid, neomycin, cefizox, fortum cefotaxime, cefizox, fortum, tobramycin and cefoperoxone. The resistance against 16 antibiotics such as meropenem, linkomycin, fusidic acid, orbenin, penicillin, streptomycin, bacitracin, minocin, zinacef, amoxil, ceclor, claracid, cephalexin, augmentin, cephradin and dalacin was shown by these isolates. We report the presence of multi-drug resistance in thermo-tolerant Escherichia coli isolated in municipal water with different levels of prevalence in Khairpur City. In this study a higher number of positive results were obtained in all sampling points indicating the more fecally polluted municipal water.
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