Objective: This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella species isolated from various poultry products including chicken meat, poultry eggs, poultry bird's drinking water, and poultry feed. Materials and methods: A total of 79 samples comprising of chicken meat (n=20), egg shell (n=15), poultry egg contents (n=18), drinking water (n=14), and poultry feed (n=12) were bacteriologically and microscopically analyzed for the isolation of Salmonella species. Results: Overall, this study reported a high prevalence of Salmonella species (62%) from various poultry products especially in poultry (chicken) meat and poultry egg contents where the percentage occurrence of Salmonella species was 100% and 20.4% respectively. The antibiogram conducted on the Salmonella species isolated from the various poultry samples reveal that all the isolates were multi-drug resistant to more than 50% of the tested antibiotics especially to tetracycline, gentamicin, tobramycin, nitrofurantoin and imipenem. However, most of the Salmonella species were also found to be highly susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ertapenem and ceftazidime. It was also observed in this study that the highest level of resistance to the tested antibiotics was recorded in Salmonella species isolated from poultry meat samples. Conclusion: Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated or infected poultry products could pose serious public health problem to the general public if allowed. Thus, poultry farms and other poultry product outlets should be operated under sanitized conditions that ward-off the incidence of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella. The use of antibiotics as growth promoting agents and prophylaxis in the production of poultry birds in this region should be discouraged -since such practices allowed drug-resistant bacteria to emerge and spread in the community.
Background: Borehole water (groundwater) is the predominant source of water by the inhabitants of Abakaliki metropolis and it is generally considered a safe source of drinking water by the populace. This study was therefore, designed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality of borehole water samples in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Methods: A total of twenty-five (25) water samples were collected from five (5) different locations (designated as point A, B, C, D and E) in Abakaliki and the temperature readings were taken at the site of collection. The physico-chemical parameters (turbidity, pH, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, phosphates, sulphates), microbiological and metal content were determined using standard techniques. Furthermore, the pathogens isolated were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility testing using disc diffusion method. Results:The results of the microbiological study revealed that the bacterial pathogens isolated in this study include E. coli (40%), Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16%) and Klebsiella spp (12%). The borehole water was of low turbidity, colourless, odourless, and with ambient temperature. The values of the bacteria counts were 2.4x104 cfu/ml for bacteria pathogen isolated from location A, 2.3x103 cfu/ml for location B and location C, 2.1x104 cfu/ml for location E and 1.0x104 cfu/ml for location D. Antibiotic susceptibility studies showed that all isolated bacteria pathogens were highly resistant to most of the tested antibiotic especially nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, sulphamethoxazoletrimethoprim, tobramycin, ofloxacin and erythromycin. Conclusions: Findings from our study revealed that the borehole water analyzed within Abakaliki metropolis contained bacteria that are of public health importance including E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. The physical and chemical parameters of the water samples were found to be within the maximum accepted limits for drinking water with optimal physical and chemical properties. It was also discovered in this study that the isolated bacteria showed reduced susceptibility to some conventional antibiotics. It is therefore recommended that periodic assessment of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of borehole water in this area be carried out on water sources for public use in order to avoid the outbreak of some waterborne infections amongst the populace.
In te rnation a l J o u rn al of W a s te R es ourc e s AbstractThe quality of potable water is affected by several natural and human activities including but not limited to pollution, natural disasters, climate change, urbanization and mining. Poor water quality adversely affects human health, and it is important to periodically be on the lookout for possible water contamination in our environment. This study investigated the metal content and bacteriological profiles of selected borehole water sources in Abakaliki, Nigeria. A total of 25 borehole water samples of 250 ml each were aseptically collected from selected borehole points (designated as Site A-E) in Abakaliki metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria using pre-sterilized plastic containers; and each of the samples was were bacteriologically analyzed on selective culture media for the isolation and identification of bacteria that are of public health importance using standard microbiology identification techniques. The presence of trace metals was chemically determined in the borehole water samples using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) [AA-7000]. The highest bacterial count in this study was 2.4 × 10 4 cfu/ml while the least bacteria count was 1.0 × 10 4 cfu/ml. The suspected bacterial organisms isolated and identified from the respective borehole water samples were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The metal content analysis using AAS showed that some of the borehole water samples contain some trace metals such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Aluminium (Al) and lead (Pb) were not detected in the borehole water samples analyzed in this study; and the trace metals detected were found to be within the accepted limit of trace metals for drinking water as specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and World Health Organization (WHO). This study has presumptively reported the presence of some bacterial organisms of public health importance and some trace metals in selected borehole water samples in Abakaliki, Nigeria. The area under study is known for its high deposit of mineral resources especially lead and limestone; however, lead was not detected in the water sample and this shows that there was no infiltration of this metal from the mining site to the water sources in the region. Also, the proliferation of mining sites and their unregulated activities could also be responsible for the presence of some of these metals in the environment at concentrations that are unsafe for human use. Unsafe drinking water portends significant risk to public health over a lifetime of consumption. It is therefore important for the authorities to periodically screen water meant for human use and public consumption for the presence of potential physical, chemical and biologically contaminants that may affect the health of the populace.
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