Changes in climate and land use land cover (LULC) are important factors that affect water yield (WY). This study explores which factors have more significant impact on changes in WY, spatially and temporally, within the Citarum River Basin Unit (RBU), West Java Province, Indonesia with an area of ±11.317 km2. The climate in the area of Citarum RBU belongs to the Am climate type, which is characterized by the presence of one or more dry months. The objectives of the study were: (1) To estimate a water yield model using integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST), and (2) to test the sensitivity of water yield (WY) to changes in climate variables (rainfall and evapotranspiration) and in LULC. The integration of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), and the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) approach were used in this study. InVEST is a suite of models used to map and value the goods and services from nature that sustain and fulfill human life. The parameters used for determining the WY are LULC, precipitation, average annual potential evapotranspiration, soil depth, and plant available water content (PAWC). The results showed that the WY within the territory of Citarum RBU was 12.17 billion m3/year, with mean WY (MWY) of 935.26 mm/year. The results also show that the magnitude of MWY in Citarum RBU is lower than the results obtained in Lake Rawa Pening Catchment Areas, Semarang Regency and Salatiga City, Central Java (1.137 mm/year) and in the Patuha Mountain region, Bandung Regency, West Java (2.163 mm/year), which have the same climatic conditions. The WY volume decreased from 2006, to 2012, and 2018. Based on the results of the simulation, climatic parameters played a major role affecting WY compared to changes in LULC in the Citarum RBU. This model also shows that the effect of changes in rainfall (14.06–27.53%) is more dominant followed by the effect of evapotranspiration (10.97–23.86%) and LULC (10.29–12.96%). The InVEST model is very effective and robust for estimating WY in Citarum RBU, which was indicated by high coefficient of determination (R2) 0.9942 and the RSME value of 0.70.

Land degradation (LD) is an important issue worldwide because it affects food production and people’s welfare. Many factors cause land degradation, but in humid tropical areas, erosion is the main factor. More than 100 countries including Indonesia are affected by LD. Watershed management should be prioritized owing to budget constraints, while on the other side, the area affected by LD is very large compared to the size of the existing land area. The middle Citarum sub-watershed (MCSW) is one of the most degraded drylands in Indonesia, where the environment can be considered a typical humid tropical watershed. The objective of this study was to map degraded lands and prioritize restoration using a combined approach of the universal soil loss equation (USLE), the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information systems (GIS) in a multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) environment. The severity of LD was estimated quantitatively by analyzing the parameters of land use and land cover, slope, soil erosion, productivity, and management. The results indicated that the MCSW is dominated by the potentially degraded land classes (38%), followed by the degraded land classes (21%). The prioritization of LD restoration is suggested in the area of very high and high degraded land. The method developed in this research work could be adopted as a tool to guide decision-makers toward sustainable land resource management in humid tropical watersheds affected by LD.

Indonesia's forests in different periods have been deforested at different levels. Deforestation caused carbon emissions. The purposes of this study were :1) to measure deforestation and carbon emissions in period of [2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010] in Indonesia and 2) to find out the incentive value to be paid by the government. One method for measuring emissions from deforestation and forest degradation is GeOSIRIS model. A modeled GeOSIRIS policy used a carbon payment system to incentivize emission reductions. Data used in this study were maps of forest cover in 2005 and 2010, map of deforestation 2005-2010, carbon and agricultural price and driver variables for deforestation such as slope, elevation, logarithmic distance to the nearest road, logarithmic distance to the nearest provincial capital, the amount of area per pixel included in a national park, a timber plantation. The result of this study showed rate of deforestation was 4.65 million ha/5 years. The REDD policy could decrease deforestation in Indonesia by 0.66 million ha (17.45 %).

<p class="JudulABSInd"><span lang="AF">ABSTRAK</span></p><p class="abstrak"><span lang="X-NONE">Pemerintah daerah diberikan kewenangan untuk mengatur dan mengurus rumah tangganya melalui Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW). Dokumen RTRW diharapkan menjadi dasar dalam pengaturan, pengendalian dan pemanfaatan ruang di wilayah Kabupaten/Kota sehingga pembangunan dapat dilakukan secara berkelanjutan dan terhindar dari bencana, mengingat di setiap wilayah administrasi Kabupaten di Indonesia selalu dijumpai bagian yang rawan bencana. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dokumen RTRW Kabupaten Kudus berdasarkan data spasial kebencanaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis <em>overlay </em>data spasial rawan bencana terhadap pola ruang dan struktur ruang serta <em>wighting/scoring</em>. Analisis spasial menunjukkan pola ruang yang sudah didesain akan terdampak rawan bencana seluas 13.023,22 ha terdiri atas wilayah rawan banjir 11.692,52 ha (89,78%) dan longsor 1</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">331</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">17 ha (10,22%). Rawan banjir berdampak pada lahan pertanian sawah 9</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">497</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">83 ha (85</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">32%), permukiman sebesar </span><span lang="X-NONE">1</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">168</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">28 </span><span lang="X-NONE">ha (10,5%), sedangkan rawan longsor terjadi di wilayah hutan lindung sebesar 459</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">68 (34</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">53%), kawasan pertanian tanaman pangan sebesar 524</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">90 ha (39</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">43%) dan kawasan hutan produksi sebesar 120</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">89 ha (13,32%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi <em>exsisting</em> sawah dan kawasan hutan bertampalan dengan wilayah rawan bencana longsor dan banjir maka RTRW memungkinkan untuk ditinjau kembali. </span><span lang="EN-ID">S</span><span lang="X-NONE">truktur ruang khususnya jaringan jalan dapat memberikan akses ke wilayah terdampak longsor maupun banjir dengan baik sehingga evakuasi mudah dilaksanakan. Implementasi pola ruang maupun struktur ruang selanjutnya perlu kajian rekayasa penanggulangan wilayah rawan bencana dengan cara struktural berupa bangunan fisik, maupun peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat dan pemasangan instrumen peringatan dini yang akan dipasang baik pada wilayah rawan longsor maupun banjir. Alokasi pola ruang khususnya pada sawah yang rawan terdampak banjir dan hutan yang rawan terdampak longsor perlu ditinjau kembali atau dibuat infrastruktur untuk mengurangi dampak.</span></p><p class="katakunci"><strong><span lang="AF">Kata kunci</span></strong><span lang="AF">: keruangan, </span>rencana tata ruang wilayah <span lang="EN-ID">(</span><span lang="AF">RTRW), kebencanaan, Kabupaten Kudus</span></p><p class="judulABS"><strong><span lang="AF">ABSTRACT</span></strong></p><p class="Abstrakeng"><em><span lang="X-NONE">Local governments are given the authority to regulate and manage their own domestic affairs through spatial planning. Documents of Spattial Planing (RTRW) which become the basics for regulating, controlling and utilizating the district area to implementing sustainable development and avoid disaster, considering that every administrative Regency in Indonesia have disaster-prone areas. This study aims<s> </s>to evaluate the Spatial Planning Document of Kudus </span><span lang="EN-ID">D</span><span lang="X-NONE">istrict based on spatial disaster data. The method used is the overlaying analysis of disaster-prone spatial data to the spatial patterns and structures as well as the space wighting/scoring. The spatial analysis showed that spatial patterns will be affected by a disaster-prone area of 13</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">023</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">22 hectares consisting of flood-prone area 11</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">692</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">52 ha (89</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">78%) and landslides 1</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">331</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">17 ha (10</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">22%). Prone to flooding impact on agricultural land paddy 9</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">497</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">83 ha (85</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">32%), settlement of 1</span><span lang="EN-ID">.</span><span lang="X-NONE">168</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">28 ha (10</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">5%), while prone to landslides occurred in the protected forest area of 459</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">68 (34</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">53%), the area of food crops amounted to 524</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">90 ha (39</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">43% ) and production forest area of 120</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">89 ha (13</span><span lang="EN-ID">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">32%). The results showed some areas of rice fields and forest areas overlap with the potential for landslides and flooding so RTRW allow to be reviewed. The spatial structure mainly the road network access to areas of landsliding and flooding so that the evacuation is well implemented. In the implementation of the spatial planning and structure need to feasibility study due to reduce disaster-prone by using structural means that physically, as well as community capacity building and need to install of early warning instruments that will be used in either region of landslides and floods prone. The spatial pattern allocation  especially used for rice fields that affected by floods and landslides affected the vulnerable forest need to be reviewed or created infrastructure to reduce the impact.</span></em></p><p class="katakunci"><em><strong><span lang="AF">Keywords:</span></strong><span lang="AF"> spatial, spatial planning, disaster, Kudus </span>D<span lang="AF">istrict</span></em></p>

Natural disasters that often occur in coastal areas are tidal floods and river floods. Flood vulnerability management of coastal areas has become increasingly important to mitigate and prevent floods. The purpose of the study was to analyze the socio-economic vulnerability of the Mataram City coast. The spatial-DPSIR approach was employed to study the socio-economic and ecological framework. The socio-economic vulnerability was analyzed using the following parameters: population density, poverty level, livelihoods, land ownership, awareness of disasters, the presence of business areas and trade areas, and physical damage to buildings. The analysis result of the coastal flood socio-economic vulnerability showed that most of the Mataram coast were classified as intermediate. The results of this study are expected to become a reference for development and management, especially in spatial planning policies for a disaster-secure coastal area.