Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the agricultural biomass. Palm oil solid waste that is relatively easy to find is empty fruit bunches (EFB). EFB biomass is converted into pellets to get a uniform size, then heated through torrefaction into bioenergy so that its utilization is more optimal and can increase economic value. Torrefaction is slow heating of biomass with a temperature range of 200oC-300oC with a state of little oxygen or without oxygen. Torrefaction was carried out using an electric furnace with a target temperature of 280oC and a duration of 20 minutes. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of torrefaction on the chemical properties of EFB pellets. The results of this study are hemicellulose and cellulose decreased by 0,58% - 0,77%, this happens because hemicellulose and cellulose are degraded with increasing temperature and time of torrefaction. This is confirmed by changes in the line spectrum for FT-IR analysis where C-O, C=C, C-H, and O-H experience changes in the line spectrum that indicate changes in chemical composition. while lignin increased after torrefaction by 2,71%. Water content in EFB pellets decreased by 0,65%, while EFB pellets without treatment (control) by 14,95% after torrefaction became 22,70%. The volatile content of EFB control pellets was 69,55% after torrefaction to 61,21% so that the fixed carbon content of EFB control pellets was 10,03% and EFB pellets after torrefaction became 14,23%. The heat value of EFB pellets before torrefaction is 15,82 MJ/kg, and after torrefaction, the heating value increases to 18,28 MJ/kg so that it reaches the standard requirements of SNI 8675: 2018 as biomass pellets. Torrefaction pellets from EFB can provide a large increase in the quality of the bioenergy chemical properties. Biomass torrefaction is very suitable for combustion in power plants and home industries. Keywords:Chemical composition, FTIR,oil palm empty fruit bunches, torrefaction ABSTRAK Kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis) merupakan salah satu biomassa hasil pertanian. Limbah padat perkebunan sawit yang relatif mudah dijumpai ialah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Biomassa TKKS dikonversikan menjadi pelet untuk mendapatkan ukuran yang seragam, kemudian ditorefaksi untuk digunakan sebagai bioenergi sehingga pemanfaatannya lebih optimal dan dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi. Torefaksi merupakan pemanasan biomassa secara perlahan dengan kisaran suhu 200oC – 300oC dengan keadaan sedikit oksigen bahkan tanpa oksigen. Torefaksi dilakukan menggunakan electric furnace dengan target suhu 280oC dan durasi selama 20 menit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui pengaruh torefaksi terhadap sifat kimia pelet TKKS. Hasil dari penelitian ini ialah kadar hemiselulosa dan selulosa menurun sebesar 0,58% - 0,77% hal tersebut terjadi karena hemiselulosa dan selulosa terdegradasi seiring dengan peningkatan suhu dan waktu torefaksi. Hal tersebut diperkuat dengan perubahan gugus fungsi terhadap analisis FT-IR dimana gugus C-O, C=C, C-H, dan O-H mengalami perubahan spektrum garis pita yang menandakan adanya perubahan komposisi kimia. Sedangkan kadar lignin meningkat setelah torefaksi sebesar 2,71%. Kadar air pada pelet TKKS menurun sebesar 0,65 %, sedangkan abu pelet TKKS tanpa perlakuan (kontrol) sebesar 14,95% setelah tertorefaksi menjadi 22,70. Zat terbang pelet TKKS kontrol sebesar 69,55% setelah tertorefaksi menjadi 61,21% sehingga diperoleh nilai karbon terikat pelet TKKS kontrol sebesar 10,03% dan pelet TKKS yang tertorefaksi sebesar 14,23%. Nilai kalor pelet TKKS sebelum torefaksi sebesar 15,82 MJ/kg, dan setelah torefaksi nilai kalor meningkat menjadi 18,28 MJ/kg sehingga memenuhi SNI 8675:2018 pelet biomassa. Pelet TKKS yang tertorefaksi dapat memberikan peningkatan besar dalam kualitas sifat kimia bioenergi. Biomassa yang tortorefaksi sangat cocok untuk pembakaran di pembangkit listrik dan industri. Kata Kunci: FTIR,komposisi kimia,tandan kosong kelapa sawit, torefaksi
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches (EFB) have not been utilized optimally. Currently, it is considered as a resource with low economic value. This biomass can be converted into bioenergy through a torrefaction process. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis at temperatures ranging between 200 and 300 °C, and it is generally performed under an inert atmosphere. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of torrefaction using Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) on the properties of oil palm EFB pellets. Torrefaction was conducted at 280 °C temperature with a residence time of 4 minutes. The results showed a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content and an increase in hydrophobicity after torrefaction using the COMB reactor. The change in the hygroscopic property could make the oil palm EFB pellet more stable against chemical oxidation and microbial degradation, hence self-heating and auto-ignition during storage could be prevented. The heating value of biomass increased after torrefaction. Torrefaction with the COMB reactor resulted in a heating value of 17.90 MJ/kg, which is comparable with the results of oxidative torrefaction (with longer residence time) of 18.28 MJ/kg. The results suggested that torrefaction using the COMB reactor could provide a great improvement in the quality of the bioenergetic properties of oil palm EFB pellets. However, the high ash content of the EFB pellets implied that the EFB pellets suitable for a small-scale application, but not yet for cofiring in power plants or as a feedstock for gasification.Keywords: Counter-Flow Multi Baffle; oil palm empty fruit bunches; renewable; torrefactionA B S T R A KTandan kosong kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis) belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Saat ini bahan tersebut masih dianggap sebagai sumber daya bernilai ekonomi rendah. Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat dikonversi menjadi bioenergi melalui proses torefaksi. Torefaksi merupakan proses pirolisis ringan pada suhu berkisar antara 200 dan 300 °C dan umumnya dilakukan di bawah kondisi inert. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh torefaksi dengan reaktor Counter-Flow Multi Baffle (COMB) terhadap sifat-sifat pelet TKKS. Torefaksi dilakukan pada suhu 280 °C dengan waktu tinggal 4 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi menyebabkan penurunan kadar air kesetimbangan dan menjadi hidrofobik setelah torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB. Perbaikan sifat higroskopis dapat membuat pelet TKKS lebih stabil terhadap oksidasi kimia dan degradasi mikroba, sehingga pemanasan sendiri dan pembakaran spontan selama penyimpanan dapat dicegah. Nilai kalor biomassa meningkat setelah torefaksi. Torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB menghasilkan nilai kalor 17,90 MJ/kg, yang sebanding dengan hasil torefaksi oksidatif dengan waktu tinggal lebih lama, sebesar 18,28 MJ/kg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa torefaksi dengan reaktor COMB dapat meningkatkan kualitas energi pelet TKKS. Tetapi pelet TKKS masih memiliki kadar abu yang tinggi sehingga biomassa hasil torefaksi belum sesuai untuk cofiring di pembangkit listrik atau sebagai bahan baku untuk gasifikasi.Kata kunci: Counter-Flow Multi Baffle; tandan kosong kelapa sawit; terbarukan; torefaksi
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