We present evidence that the integrases (INs) of HIV types 1 and 2 are inhibited in vitro by the reverse transcriptases (RTs) of HIV-1, HIV-2 and murine leukaemia virus. Both 3′-end processing and 3′-end joining (strand transfer) activities of IN were affected by the RTs. Full inhibitions were accomplished with most RT and IN combinations tested at around equimolar RT/IN ratios. The disintegration activity of IN was also inhibited by RTs. Neither DNA synthesis nor the ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain of RT were involved in IN inhibition, since specific DNA polymerase inhibitors did not affect the level of IN inhibition, and the p51 isoform of HIV-1 RT (which lacks the RNase H domain) is as effective in inhibiting IN as the heterodimeric p66/p51 isoform. On the other hand, the catalytic activities of HIV RTs were not affected by the INs, showing that RTs can inhibit IN activities, whereas INs do not inhibit RTs. We postulate that sequences and/or three-dimensional protein structures common to RTs interact with INs and inhibit their activities. We show evidence for this hypothesis and discuss the possible sites of IN involved in this interaction.
We have recently expressed in bacteria the enzymatically active reverse transcriptase (RT) of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) [Perach, M. & Hizi, A. (1999) Virology 259, 176-189]. In the present study, we have studied in vitro two features of the DNA polymerase activity of BLV RT, the processivity of DNA synthesis and the fidelity of DNA synthesis. These properties were compared with those of the well-studied RTs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and murine leukaemia virus (MLV). Both the elongation of the DNA template and the processivity of DNA synthesis exhibited by BLV RT are impaired relative to the other two RTs studied. Two parameters of fidelity were studied, the capacity to incorporate incorrect nucleotides at the 3¢ end of the nascent DNA strand and the ability to extend these 3¢ end mispairs. BLV RT shows a fidelity of misinsertion higher than that of HIV-1 RT and lower than that of MLV RT. The pattern of mispair elongation by BLV RT suggests that the in vitro error proneness of BLV RT is closer to that of HIV-1 RT. These fidelity properties are discussed in the context of the various retroviral RTs studied so far.Keywords: bovine leukaemia virus; fidelity; processivity; reverse transcriptase.Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a naturally occurring exogenous B-cell lymphotropic retrovirus, which is the aetiological agent of cattle leukosis. This disease is characterized by an initial persistent lymphocytosis, which is followed by the occurrence of clonal lymphoid B-cell tumours after a long latency period [1]. This virus is related to human T-cell leukemia viruses type I and type II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II, respectively), forming a subfamily of transactivating retroviruses [2]. The genomes of these complex retroviruses have close to their 3¢ ends the regulatory genes tax and rex and the presence of both Tax and Rex proteins, encoded by these genes, is required for viral replication. These viruses also show nucleotide sequence similarities, although BLV and HTLVs do not infect the same cell types, because they probably bind different cell receptors [2][3][4].The process of reverse transcription is the major early intracellular event critical to the life cycle of all retroviruses. The synthesis of the proviral DNA is catalysed entirely by the reverse transcriptase (RT). The plus-strand viral RNA is copied by the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of RT, producing RNA/DNA hybrids. The intrinsic ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity of RT specifically hydrolyses the RNA in these heteroduplexes. Finally, the plus-sense DNA strand is synthesized by copying of the minus-sense DNA strand by the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (DDDP) activity of RT [2,5]. As RT is a preferred target for the development of viral inhibitors as antiretroviral drugs, the structural and catalytic properties of RTs have been the focus of many recent studies, including three-dimensional crystal studies [6][7][8][9]. A major effort was devoted to the research of the RTs of the human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 (HIV-1 and ...
We present evidence that the integrases (INs) of HIV types 1 and 2 are inhibited in vitro by the reverse transcriptases (RTs) of HIV-1, HIV-2 and murine leukaemia virus. Both 3'-end processing and 3'-end joining (strand transfer) activities of IN were affected by the RTs. Full inhibitions were accomplished with most RT and IN combinations tested at around equimolar RT/IN ratios. The disintegration activity of IN was also inhibited by RTs. Neither DNA synthesis nor the ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain of RT were involved in IN inhibition, since specific DNA polymerase inhibitors did not affect the level of IN inhibition, and the p51 isoform of HIV-1 RT (which lacks the RNase H domain) is as effective in inhibiting IN as the heterodimeric p66/p51 isoform. On the other hand, the catalytic activities of HIV RTs were not affected by the INs, showing that RTs can inhibit IN activities, whereas INs do not inhibit RTs. We postulate that sequences and/or three-dimensional protein structures common to RTs interact with INs and inhibit their activities. We show evidence for this hypothesis and discuss the possible sites of IN involved in this interaction.
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