2 Summary (244/250 words) 17Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are a global human health problem that may worsen 18 by growth of crops at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2). However, climate change 19 will also involve higher temperature, but it is unclear how the combined effect of eCO2 and 20 higher temperature will affect the nutritional quality of food crops. To begin to address this 21 question, we grew soybean (Glycine max) in a Temperature by Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (T-22 FACE) experiment in 2014 and 2015 under ambient (400 µmol mol -1 ) and elevated (600 µmol 23 mol -1 ) CO2 concentration and under ambient and elevated temperatures (+2.7 °C day and +3.4 °C 24 at night). In our study, eCO2 significantly decreased Fe concentration in soybean seeds in both 25seasons (-8.7% and -7.7%) and Zn concentration in one season (-8.9%) while higher temperature 26 (at ambient CO2 concentration) had the opposite effect. The combination of eCO2 with elevated 27 temperature generally restored seed Fe and Zn concentrations to levels obtained under ambient 28 CO2 and temperature conditions, suggesting that the potential threat to human nutrition by 29 increasing CO2 concentration may not be realized. In general, seed Fe concentration was 30 negatively correlated with yield suggesting inherent limitations to increasing seed Fe. In 31 addition, we confirm our previous report that the concentration of seed storage products and 32 several minerals varies with node position at which the seeds developed. Overall, these results 33 demonstrate the complexity of predicting climate change effects on food security when various 34 environmental parameters change in an interactive manner. 35
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