The present study aimed to investigate life satisfaction and its relations to family environment and child personality in a large community sample of Russian primary schoolchildren aged 7-10 years (N = 705, 51% female). Children completed Huebner's Student's Life Satisfaction scale; parents reported about family background and completed the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-Brief Form, the Self Reporting Questionnaire measuring parental stress and the Inventory of Child Individual Differences-Short version measuring the Big Five and fifteen lower-order personality traits. Gender accounted for less than 2% of the variance in life satisfaction, with girls scoring higher than boys, the effect of age was not significant. Child life satisfaction was positively related to parental education, income and family cohesion, and was negatively related to domestic violence, parental stress, corporal punishment and poor supervision. It was associated with all Big Five personality traits; correlations with the extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness domains were positive, whereas correlation with the neuroticism domain was negative. Correlations with lower-order traits were generally smaller; those with sociability and openness to experience were not significant. Multiple regression analysis indicated that family income, low parental stress and supervision together with low neuroticism and conscientiousness were significantly and independently associated with child life satisfaction, accounting for 14-15% of the total variance.

Background: Effortful control is a core aspect of self-regulation and refers to the ability to voluntarily regulate behaviour and attention, measured by temperament questionnaires. Although the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire is widely used in different countries, this measure has not been fully explored. Most research on the links of effortful control with personality and important outcomes has been carried out in Western nations; the possibility of extending these findings to other cultures requires study. Objective: To examine effortful control and its relations to personality and wellbeing in a community sample of primary schoolchildren in Russia. Design: Parents of 7-10-year-olds (N = 614) completed the abbreviated Effortful Control scale of the TMCQ, the Inventory of Child Individual Differences-Short version, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ); teachers provided SDQ data and school grades; children completed the Students' Life Satisfaction Scale. Results: The findings supported a four-factor structure of Effortful Control, including Attention Focusing, Inhibitory Control, Activation Control, and Low-Intensity Pleasure. Effortful Control was associated with the personality traits of Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Openness, and also with Positive Emotions and low Neuroticism. Effortful Control was also associated with academic achievement, subjective well-being, and lower levels of externalising and internalising problems. Structural modelling showed that Attentional Control contributed to problem behaviour and subjective wellbeing; Inhibitory Control contributed to externalising problems; and Activation Control contributed to academic achievement. Effortful Control in Primary Schoolchildren… 3 Conclusion: Effortful Control and its components were strongly related to higherand lower-order personality traits. The findings confirmed the important role of effortful control in the academic success and well-being of Russian primary schoolchildren.

It is generally assumed that different electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency bands are somehow related to different computational modes in the brain. Integration of these computational modes is reflected in the phenomenon of cross-frequency coupling (CFC). On slow temporal scales, CFC may reflect trait-like properties, which posits a question of its developmental trends. This is the first study that explored source-level CFC measures in a developmental perspective using both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. CFC measures demonstrated good test-retest stability and proved to be higher in adults in cortical areas participating in sensory-motor integration, response inhibition, and attentional control. In children, greater CFC was observed in parietal regions involved in self-centered cognition. Over the period from 7 to 10 years, CFC demonstrated nonlinear growth trajectories. Introversion was associated with higher CFC in cortical areas related to emotion, attention, and social cognition, implying that the association between introversion and CFC appears early in the development.

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