Èññëåäîâàíèÿ â îáëàñòè ôèçè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â áëèçêèõ óñëîâèÿõ îáèòàíèÿ äàaeå â íåðîäñòâåííûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ìîãóò êîíâåðãåíòíî ñêëàäûâàòüñÿ ñõîäíûå êîìïëåêñû ìîðôî-ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ÷åðò. Ïîäîáíûì aeå îáðàçîì, ñîãëàñíî íàáëþäåíèÿì ýòíîãðàôîâ, â äîñòèãøèõ áëèçêîãî óðîâíÿ ñîöèàëüíîãî è òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ãðóïïàõ, â èäåíòè÷íîé ëàíäøàôòíî-ýêî-ëîãè÷åñêîé ñðåäå ïðèîáðåòàþò êîíâåðãåíòíîå ñõîäñòâî è õîçÿéñòâåííûå êîìïëåêñû. Íàêîïëåíèå ôàêòè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà è åãî òåîðåòè÷åñêîå îñìûñëåíèå ïðèâåëè ê ôîðìèðîâàíèþ êîíöåïöèé àäàïòèâíûõ òèïîâ [Àëåêñååâà, 1986] è õîçÿéñòâåííî-êóëüòóðíûõ òèïîâ [Ëåâèí, ×åáîêñàðîâ, 1955], çàíÿâøèõ ìåñòî ñðåäè áàçîâûõ ïîëîaeåíèé òàêîãî ðàçäåëà àíòðîïîëîãèè, êàê ýêîëîãèÿ ÷åëîâåêà.Ìåòîäû ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ãåíåòèêè ïîçâîëÿþò íà ñîâðåìåííîì óðîâíå îöåíèòü êîíâåðãåíòíîå ñõîäñòâî ïîïóëÿöèé, áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ è êóëüòóðíî-òåõíî-ëîãè÷åñêàÿ àäàïòàöèÿ êîòîðûõ ïðîòåêàëà â áëèçêèõ ïî õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì áèîòîïàõ.Àäàïòàöèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé ÷åëîâåêà ê óñëîâèÿì ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ ïðîèñõîäèëà (è ïðîèñõîäèò) â íåïðåðûâíîì âçàèìîäåéñòâèè êóëüòóðíûõ è áèîëî-
Ââåäåíèå. Íà ïðèìåðå ãðóïïû ãîðíî-òà¸aeíûõ øîðöåâ ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ñâÿçü ïîëèìîðôèçìà ãåíîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà ìåòàáîëèçì êîñòíîé òêàíè, ñ õàðàêòåðîì ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ è îñîáåííîñòÿìè òðàäèöèîííîãî ïèòàíèÿ. Ìàòåðèàëû è ìåòîäû. Ìàòåðèàë äëÿ ìîëåêóëÿðíî-ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîáðàí â ïîïóëÿöèè øîðöåâ Êåìåðîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Îáñëåäîâàíî 72 ÷åëîâåêà (37 ìóae÷èí, 35 aeåíùèí). Ïðîâåäåíî òèïèðîâàíèå ãåíîâ VDR BsmI rs1544410, VDR Fok1 rs2228570, TREH rs2276064 è LCT rs4988235. Àíàëèç ýòíîãðàôè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû ïîçâîëèë óòî÷íèòü íàáîð ñîñòàâëÿâøèõ îñíîâó òðàäèöèîííîé ïèùè øîðöåâ ïðîäóêòîâ è îñíîâíûå èñòî÷íèêè èõ ïîëó÷åíèÿ. Ðåçóëüòàòû è îáñóaeäåíèå. Íà øèðîòå Þaeíîé Ñèáèðè (52°ÑØ) îðãàíèçì íå ìîaeåò ñèíòåçèðîâàòü íåîáõîäèìûé îáú¸ì õîëåêàëüöèôåðîëà D3 íà ïðîòÿaeåíèè âñåãî ãîäà. Èñòî÷íèêîâ ýðãîêàëüöèôåðîëà D2 â òðàäèöèîííîé äèåòå øîðöåâ áûëî íåìíîãî: ïðåñíîâîäíàÿ ðûáà, êîáûëüå è îâå÷üå ìîëîêî îáåñïå÷èâàëè ëèøü ìèíèìàëüíîå ïîñòóïëåíèå âèòàìèíà D â îðãàíèçì. Ãðèáû, ïîòåíöèàëüíûé èñòî÷íèê D2, íå ÿâëÿëèñü ñóùåñòâåííûì ýëåìåíòîì òðàäèöèîííîé êóõíè øîðöåâ. Ñ ýòèì ñîãëàñóåòñÿ î÷åíü âûñîêîå, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè ãðóïïàìè, íîñèòåëüñòâî ãåíîòèïîâ AA*TREH (6,9%) è AG*TREH (27,8%), àññîöèèðîâàííûõ ñ ìèíèìàëüíîé è ñíèaeåííîé àêòèâíîñòüþ ôåðìåíòà òðåãàëàçû, íåîáõîäèìîé äëÿ óñâîåíèÿ ãðèáíîãî ñàõàðà òðåãàëîçû (ìóêîçû). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîïóëÿöèÿ èñïûòûâàëà íåäîñòàòîê âèòàìèíà D. Ìîëîêî äîìàøíèõ aeèâîòíûõ, êàê èñòî÷íèê êàëüöèÿ, çàíèìàëî ìàëîå ìåñòî â òðàäèöèîííîé äèåòå: äî 1930-õ ãîäîâ êîðîâ â øîðñêèõ õîçÿéñòâàõ íå áûëî. Ãåíîòèï CC*LCT, äåòåðìèíèðóþùèé îãðàíè÷åííóþ àêòèâíîñòü ëàêòàçû è íåñïîñîáíîñòü ê óñâîåíèþ ìîëîêà âçðîñëûìè, ìû îáíàðóaeèëè ó 73,6% øîðöåâ. Ýòî âûñîêàÿ ÷àñòîòà: â ðàçëè÷íûõ ãðóïïàõ ðóññêèõ äîëÿ ãîìîçèãîò *CC âàðüèðóåò â ïðåäåëàõ 40-50%. Ìàëàÿ äîñòóïíîñòü ìîëîêà è íåäîñòàòîê äðóãèõ êàëüöèéñîäåðaeàùèõ ïðîäóêòîâ áûëè ôàêòîðîì ðèñêà íåäîñòàòî÷íîé ìèíåðàëèçàöèè êîñòíîé òêàíè, ÷òî ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèìè ìàòåðèàëàìè. Îòâåòîì íà äàâëåíèå íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ñòàëî óâåëè÷åíèå â ãåíîôîíäå äîëè íîñèòåëåé ãåíîòèïîâ VDR CC*Fok1 (44,4%), CT*Fok1 (15,3%), GA*BsmI (48,6%), àññîöèèðîâàííûõ ñ ïîâûøåííûì óñâîåíèåì êàëüöèÿ â êîñòè. Çàêëþ÷åíèå. Àäàïòàöèþ øîðöåâ ê ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì óñëîâèÿì ñ íèçêîé äîñòóïíîñòüþ âèòàìèíà D è êàëüöèéñîäåðaeàùèõ ïðîäóêòîâ îáåñïå÷èëî ïîâûøåíèå ÷óâñòâèòåëüíîñòè ðåöåïòîðîâ òêàíåé ê âèòàìèíó D.
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