Most components of the composition of natural waters exist in several phases – in the water mass, in suspensions, colloids, on Fe and Mn hydroxides, in detritus. They are often characterized by different toxicity. The smaller the particle of the suspension, the higher is its sorption capacity. Priority pollutants and their content in urban water bodies of Nizhny Novgorod in the summer-autumn low water period of 2020 were identified: organic substances, petroleum products, ammonium, surfactants, iron and manganese. More than half of their total transport is carried out by suspensions. In the estuaries of rivers with particles in the range of 0.22-2 microns, up to 70% of iron is carried by suspensions, up to 45% of manganese and about half of petroleum products and surfactants. Studied water objects (rivers, springs and water tunnels) are also polluted with synthetic microfibers of anthropogenic origin.
2 Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (СПбГУ) 3 Институт океанологии им. П. П. Ширшова РАН Аннотация. Исследование характеристик микропластиковых частиц в «подповерхностном» слое (4,5 м) Баренцева и Карского морей в 2019 г. по данным измерений в рамках программы ТРАНС АРК ТИ КА-2019 показало, что максимальное содержание антропогенных частиц, в том числе микропластика, характерно для Баренцева моря -до 28 шт/м 3 . Подтверждена барьерная роль архипелага Новая Земля в распространении частиц далее на северо-восток; минимальные концентрации зафиксированы в Карском море (1 шт/м 3 ), с повышением значений до 4 шт/м 3 в районе плюмов сибирских рек. Преобладают микроволокна (более 50 %), а также частицы с идентифицированными пигментами -размером более 500 мкм. Метод спектрометрии комбинационного рассеяния позволил идентифицировать все виды микроволокон и частиц антропогенного происхождения. Показана преобладающая роль местных источников загрязнения в формировании «шестого» мусорного пятна в Западной Арктике -жидкие и твердые отходы с рыболовецких и грузовых судов.Ключевые слова: микропластик, морской мусор, Баренцево море, Карское море, Северный морской путь, загрязнение, «шестое» мусорное пятно.Благодарности: работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации, проект № FSZU-2020-0009, тема «Исследование физических, химических и биологических процессов в атмосфере и гидросфере в условиях изменения климата и антропогенных воздействий». Съемка спектров комбинационного рассеяния света была произведена в ресурсном центре «Оптические и лазерные методы анализа состава вещества» Научного парка Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета.
The pollution of the seas in the Russian Arctic zone with micro-plastic particles is poorly studied in comparison with other areas of the World Ocean. The rapidly developing economic activity in the Arctic region threats to pollute the marine environment with plastic wastes. Arctic marine ecosystems are particularly vulnerable due to changes occurring in them under climate warming, as well as a large number of filter-feeder species in some coastal areas. The lack of observation data on the level of micro-plastic pollution in the region and methodological support for sampling requires the development of methods and approaches using the existing international experience. The paper presents preliminary results of the study carried out within the framework of the 4th stage of the TRANSARCTICA-2019 program in the Far Eastern and Arctic seas from Vladivostok to Murmansk. The authors present the analysis of existing approaches to sampling in seawaters and the possibility of their application in Russian expeditionary conditions. They describe in detail their method of sampling from a subsurface level (4—5 m) showing the advantage of using the proposed method for sampling when the vessel is moving and under adverse weather conditions. The studied quantitative and qualitative composition of the detected micro-plastic particles show that the East Siberian and Laptev seas have the lowest concentrations of micro-plastics. The largest amount of micro-plastic particles is found in the areas of intensive shipping in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Barents Sea. Comparison with existing international studies shows that the sampling method for micro-plastics strongly depends on the type of water body, its biological productivity, the level of pollution, as well as the technical capabilities of field research. All this indicates the need for intercalibration of sampling methods and further research for a more accurate quantitative and qualitative assessment of the micro-plastic pollution in the Arctic seas.
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