Представлены результаты онлайн-опроса о переживании людьми неопределённости в период пандемии COVID-19, а также о принятии ими решений и особенностях их саморегуляции в связи с рядом индивидуально-личностных и стилевых свойств. Опрос проведен научной группой Института психологии РАН совместно со специалистами ГАУГН и Высшей школы междисциплинарных исследований и развития личности. В опросе участвовало 54 респондента в возрасте от 22 до 63 лет из России и еще девяти стран, в большинстве психологи и студенты психологических факультетов, а также лица, интересующиеся психологией. Они проходили трехдневный психотерапевтический марафон, направленный на стабилизацию эмоционального состояния в самоизоляции в связи с вирусом и на обучение техникам самопомощи. У значительной части респондентов получены низкие значения показателей гибкости саморегуляции и активности и высокие - тревожности, что может быть объяснено ситуацией эпидемии и самоизоляции. Факторный анализ оценок респондентов позволил выделить четыре независимых фактора: эмоциональный интеллект, саморегуляцию и бдительность, самочувствие и настроение, рефлексию и контроль. По результатам опроса разработаны рекомендации населению по коррекции гибкости саморегуляции, активности и тревожности, а также рекомендации организациям о важности для сотрудников регулярных онлайн-совещаний, помогающих им по-прежнему ощущать себя в коллективе, в совместной работе и общении. В заключении подчеркнуты теоретико-методологические вопросы устойчивости/пластичности индивидуально-личностных и стилевых свойств в чрезвычайных условиях. The results of online survey were presented. It was focused on people experiencing uncertainty during the pandemic of COVID-19, as well as about their decision-making and the features of their self-regulation in connection with some individual-personal and style properties. The survey was conducted by a scientific group of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences together with specialists from GAUGN and the Higher School of Interdisciplinary Research and Personality Development. The survey involved 54 respondents aged 22 to 63 years from Russia and another nine countries, most psychologists and students of psychological faculties, as well as persons interested in psychology. They underwent a three-day psychotherapeutic marathon aimed at stabilizing their emotional state in isolation due to the virus and at training self-help techniques. A large proportion of respondents obtained low flexibility of self-regulation and low activity indices and high values of anxiety, which can be explained by the situation of the epidemic and self-isolation. Factor analysis of respondents' assessments made it possible to distinguish four independent factors: emotional intelligence, self-regulation and alertness, well-being and mood, reflection, and control. Based on the results of the survey, recommendations were developed for the population to correct the flexibility of self-regulation, activity, and anxiety, as well as recommendations to organizations on the importance for employees of regular online meetings that help them continue to feel in the team, joint work, and communication. The conclusions emphasize theoretical and methodological issues of stability/plasticity of individual-personal and style properties in emergency conditions.
Background (context). The individual characteristics of reptiles have been studied less than that of other classes of animals. One of the basic properties of their individuality, impulsivity, on which behavior and the solution of cognitive tasks in humans and animals significantly depend, has not been practically investigated. Objective. To study manifestations of impulsivity in decision-making in visual recognition in three types of reptiles. Design. In ten experiments, each of six individuals of three reptile species chose one of two paths in the task of distinguishing geometric shapes in mazes. The indicators of the percentage of erroneous choices and the average time for making choices were evaluated relative to the corresponding median values, similar to the study of a person’s impulsivity when choosing among similar visual images in the Kagan test. Results. Among the individuals of each species, four individual typological groups were distinguished: impulsive, slow — accurate, fast — accurate, and slow — inaccurate. This confirmed the authors’ hypothesis based on their study of color recognition in common grass snakes. In slow — accurate and slow — inaccurate individuals, repeated turns to the stimuli being compared were observed before they made a decision, apparently reflecting the expanded analysis of visual information, unlike in most impulsive and fast-accurate individuals. Conclusions. The four individual-typological groups identified in the three types of reptiles in the task of visual recognition are similar in terms of impulsivity to the known groups of people identified in a similar task. The differences in the behavioral reactions of individuals of the four typological groups of reptiles before making a decision correspond to the different psychological content of such a choice in these groups. Our results, which were obtained for reptiles for the first time, confirm the concept of impulsivity as one of the fundamental biologically determined characteristics of individuality, which is valid for other species of animals and humans. In the future it would be useful to find out: 1. Whether the following methods of studying impulsivity evaluate the same individual characteristic of animals: the well-known method of choosing the type of reinforcement and the auto method of choosing the path in the labyrinth with visual discrimination; 2. Do the assessments of impulsivity by these methods correlate with assessments of courage in reactions to a new object, territory and food? The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that knowledge of the individual characteristics of reptiles allows us to develop scientifically based recommendations for maintaining their well-being in zoos and nurseries.
Visual abilities to discriminate between spatial and color stimuli was studied, which is ecologically significant for reptiles. Namely: the behavior of slow-warm lizards in a Tshaped maze was investigated in visual discrimination between red and green color tones and sizes of geometric figures of a round shape. The main behavioral characteristics of decisionmaking were analyzed when choosing between possible options: a percentage of erroneous choices, time of choice and a number of lizards’ turns towards alternative ways in the maze, leading to comparable stimuli, before choosing one of them. In case of color discrimination, all the three named behavior characteristics were minimal, while in case of the figures sizes discrimination these values were higher. Thus, discrimination of red and green colors was more successful and less difficult than discrimination of round-shaped geometric figures sizes in the lizards.
Background and objective. The authors present the results of their theoretical and experimental research in the field of subject-oriented psychophysics, carried out in different years in line with the subject-oriented activity and the system-oriented activity approaches. The results obtained substantiate the productivity and prospects of the A.N. Leontiev’s psych ological theory of object activity ideas as one of the important theoretical and methodological foundations of domestic psychophysical research. The principal role of the concept of a sensory task as a cognitive task of a special kind is emphasized. Such tasks of detection, discrimination, and identification of sensory signals by a person are characterized by goals accepted as these tasks’ components and by a high level of uncertainty. Therefore, these tasks require researchers to meaningfully analyze the psychological structure of the corresponding sensory process in the context of the requirements of the task being solved and in an inextricable relationship with various manifestations and internal content of human activity. The significance of the task as the goal and conditions of the subject’s activity, has appeared not only in empirical research results, but in the mathematical model of decision making and confidence in threshold-like tasks, as well. Conclusions. The results obtained convincingly prove the role of the sensory task characteristics related with individual psychological peculiarities of a subject of sensory measurements, his (her) functional states and reflective experiences as important factors determining a choice of sensory performance tools, and its effectiveness.
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