15may be collected in a fast and sensitive way using UAVs, and this method is proposed
This study was performed by the reevaluation of historical Universal Soil Loss Equation using field experiment data that was obtained between 1978 and 1995 in Tokat, Turkey. In the study area, the annual average rainfall was 452 mm and about 50% of erosive rainfall events were less than 10 mm. The duration of average erosive rainfall event was 6 h and the average event intensity was 3.83 mm h -1 . The average erosive rainfall time in daylight (06:00-18:00), night (18:00-06:00) and mix rainfall conditions were 223.1 and 191.6, 450.2 min, respectively. The maximum rainfall amount, event intensity, storm erosivity, the maximum intensity of 10 min (IM10), the maximum intensity of 15 min (IM15), the maximum intensity of 30 min (IM30) were mostly occurred in daylight erosive rainfalls. But the maximum soil loss and runoff produced by night erosive rainfall. This situation was attributed to the short-term effect on soil erodibility of day and night temperature differences in spring which is rainfall erosivity is high for the region. Higher correlation is observed between soil loss and IM10 compared to IM30. USLE R-factor showed a good correlation with Modified Fournier Index (MFI) for the region. The Mann-Kendal and Theil-Sen Slope estimator statistics to detect the direction and magnitude of an available monotonic trend in some erosivity parameters as well as soil loss and runoff. Trend analysis showed monotonic decreasing of all rainfall physical properties, soil loss and runoff.
Land use management requires controlling natural resources for sustainability. Soil erosion related to improper land use is a major issue around the world. Land degradation may harm the health of ecosystems. Defining the soil loss in a basin is the starting point in the restoration of soil quality for crop production. Reducing soil losses to a tolerable rate is one of the primary objectives for sustainability and soil conservation. Central Anatolia is under considerable risk due to an increase in the cultivation of marginal lands for food production. Cultivated lands have already been reached the final limits throughout the last 50 years. Moreover, forests and considerable areas of pasture have recently been converted to ploughed fields due to agricultural expansion. This study was conducted in the Sarısu basin to evaluate soil losses and land use management for sustainability. The Universal Soil Loss Equation model and Geographic Information System techniques were used to estimate the soil losses. The mean potential soil loss of the basin was calculated to be 1.88 t ha-1 per year with the Universal Soil Loss Equation model. These results are comparatively small when compared to the average value for Turkey of 13 t ha-1 yearly. Our calculated results are closer to the value for the Sakarya river basin, which is approximately 2.77 t ha-1 y-1. In this study, land usages in the Sarısu basin were evaluated in terms of soil losses, tolerable soil loss rates and soil conservation precautions.
The increases in anaerobically digested organic wastes in the world created a greater attention to evaluate the impact of the residue on soil properties. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate anaerobically digested cattle manure on some soil chemical and biological properties under maize and clover production. Biogas residue was applied as 20, 40 and 60 t ha-1 (BGR20, BGR40 and BGR60) to the plots with a control (including only chemical fertilizers). Soil samples were taken from 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths at the end of growing season of maize and clover (October). Soil organic carbon (SOC) slightly increased with biogas residue while the increase was greater in microbial biomass carbon (MBC). However, microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) was constant through the treatments and only significant difference occurred between the plants as greater in clover plots. Dehydrogenase enzyme activity was similar in maize plots and slightly increased in clover BGR40 compared to control. β-glucosidase enzyme activity significantly increased with the amendment of biogas residue compared to control, but there is no significant change between the rates of biogas residue. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme responded greatly to the doses of biogas residue than the others. The ratio of MBC/SOC enhanced with biogas residue however, the contrasting effect for dehydrogenase enzyme activity per microbial biomass was observed. These findings indicate that the response of soil enzymes on biogas waste can vary depending on the processing of organic waste. The activities of soil enzymes are sensitive to the characteristic of organic materials.
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