Background: Laparoscopic surgery has revolutionized the way it is performed for an increasing number of patients. In this study, we determined the various reasons for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our setup.Methods: This was a descriptive study, conducted at Government Medical College Srinagar, Frommay 2015 to June 2017. The study included 450patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis, who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All patients were operated by experienced laparoscopic surgeons with experience of more than 300 Laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Cases that required conversion from laparoscopic to open surgery were analyzed and the factors possible for such conversion were studied.Results: The mean age of patients was 45.6 years and male to female ratio 1:3.8. The mean operating time was 49 minutes and average hospital stay was 2 days. Out of 450 patients, 26(5.8%) required open conversion. Factors responsible for open conversion were dense adhesions in 12(2.7%), obscure anatomy at clot’s triangle in 6, (1.3%), significant intra-operative bleeding 5 (1.1), CBD injury 1(0.2%), visceral injury 1 (0.2%), and instrument failure in 1(0.2%) conversions.Conclusions: Open conversion rate of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in this study was 5.8%. The commonest cause of conversion was dense adhesions around the gall-bladder. Preventable factors like instrument failure or power breakdown can be addressed by a reliable back up.

Haemoproteus columbae is the major protozoan infection reported in pigeon and appeared in the erythrocyte of the peripheral circulation. Incidence and parasitaemia of H. columbae in pigeon was studied in different localities of Jammu, India for a period from April to September 2010 using thin blood smear examination. Of the 150 pigeons (wild: 70, domestic: 80), 92 (61.33 %) were found to be infected with H. columbae. Domestic pigeon showed higher incidence rate (74.28 %) than the wild (50 %). Mature and immature gametocyte encircled the erythrocyte nucleus to form a halter shaped appearance were characteristic feature of the parasite. Pseudolynchia canariensis, the vector for H. columbae was also recovered from beneath the feathers of pigeons. No other haemoprotozoan parasite was observed in the blood smear of examined pigeon. Counting of infected erythrocyte revealed higher affection of 1-2 erythrocytes indicative of milder infection in the birds. A long term study within bird population is essential in order to disclose seasonal variation in parasite, vector density and age of infection such as nesting area.

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Background:Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is accepted as the gold standart treatment of gallstones. Various methods have been developed to close the cystic duct (CD) and cystic artery (CA), but titanium clip application is currently the most frequently used technique. High-tech electrosurgical instruments, such as Harmonic Scalpel (HS), have been used both for dissection of the cystic artery and Cystic duct. The present study was conducted to observe and establish efficacy of clipless cholecystectomy, by use of harmonic scalpel as an alternative, for division and sealing of cystic artery and cystic duct. Methods:This study was a hospital based, retrospective study, conducted in Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, using medical records. A total of 114 patients included in the study, having been operated by a single surgeon over time period of 5 years from February 2014 to january 2019. Results:In our study of 114 patients 82 (71.92%) were females and 32 (28.07%) were males with average age of 41.4years (16-72 yr). No patient was converted to open with average operating time of 24.2 minutes (18-46 minutes). Mean hospital study was 1.42 days (1-8 days) with no mortality. Postoperative complications were found in 6 (5.2%) patients with bile leak from duct of Lushka in 1 (0.8%) patient, port site infection in 2 (1.7%) patients and fever in 3 (2.6%) patients.Gallbladder perforation intraoperatively was seen in 7 (6.2%) patients.Conclusions:Use of harmonic scalpel is an excellent option for the cystic duct closure with less time consumption and less complications.

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of antepartum transabdominal amnioinfusion in oligohydramnios with the view to improving pregnancy outcome in oligohydramnios, a serious complication of pregnancy that is associated with a poor perinatal outcome and complicates 1-5% of pregnancies. Methods: The study comprised of a prospective analysis of 130 pregnant women with oligohydramnios, divided into two groups, the study and control group of 65 patients each and were similar with regard to age, gravidity, parity, gestational age. TAA was performed on all patients in the study group and the results were compared and analyzed. Results: Mean gestational age at first treatment was 29.98 weeks in study group. Mean pre-procedure amniotic fluid index was 4.01 and post-procedure was 12.49. A total of 106 infusions were done on 65 patients (mean1.63). Mean latency period in study group was 49.53 and in controls 26.49. There was significant decrease in fetal distress in patients in study group. 30 % of patients needed caesarean section in study group compared to 60% in controls. Number of preterm deliveries was 18 and 45 respectively in study and control groups. 61% of newborns in the study group weighed more than 2.5 kg compared to only 24% in control group. Neonatal ICU admissions and newborn deaths were lesser in study group. Conclusions: Transabdominal amnioinfusion is an extremely useful procedure to reduce complications arising from oligohyramnios. It significantly increases the latency period, decreases the occurrence of fetal distress preterm deliveries, need for caesarean or instrumental deliveries, improves birth weight of the newborns and significantly reduces the neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Background: Inability of gastric contents to go beyond the proximal duodenum is termed as gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). This may be partial or complete. A multitude of causes, benign/malignant, may lead to GOO of gastric and extra gastric origins. Malignant GOO is a common condition among locally advanced gastric cancer patients. One of the relative contraindications for surgery is the presence of advanced malignancy; in these cases, in which life expectancy may be limited to a few months, palliative surgical measures may improve the quality of life. The role of the laparoscopic approach in the treatment of GOO is under investigation and may represent a valid form of therapy with low morbidity. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College, Srinagar, from May 2018 to May 2019. A total of 35 patients who were diagnosed as cases of non-operable malignant GOO were included in the study. All patients underwent laparoscopic stapled gastrojejunostomy after diagnostic laparoscopy. This study was aimed at operative time, time for making anastomosis, hospital stay, return of bowel sounds, and postoperative complications. Results: Mean age of patients in our study was 66.8 years with male predominance. Mean operative time was 94.35 minutes with a mean time of 20.4 minutes for making stapled anastomosis. Mean hospital stay, return of bowel sounds, and resumption of orals were 7.9, 2.28, and 3.85 days, respectively. Bleeding from the anastomotic site was noted in three patients and anastomotic leak was noted in one patient. Conclusion: Laparoscopic stapled gastrojejunostomy is a viable option for palliation in advanced cases of non-operable malignancies leading to GOO. It is associated with less operative times and less immediate postoperative complications. However, further studies are needed before laparoscopic stapled gastrojejunostomy is taken up as a standard for non-operable cases of malignant GOO.

Introduction:Infertility is a common condition, with important medical economic and psychological implications. We have observed a surge in cases of primary infertility in our OPD of late. Hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia have been implicated as a cause of primary infertility. Materials and methods:We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study in our hospital, Government Medical College, on an OPD basis, between May 2017 and January 2019, to check for hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia as a cause of primary infertility among females, after ruling out other common implicated factors that may be the cause of infertility. We labeled the study group as group I and the control group as group II. Results: The mean age of patients in group I was 26.21 years, and that in group II was 25.63 years, respectively. The average time since marriage in group I was found to be 1.67 years and that in group II was 1.78 years, respectively. The rural-urban ratio of patients in group I was 23:27 and that in group II was 34:16. The mean TSH level in group I was found to be 7.11 ± 1.91 and that in group II was found to be 3.28 ± 2.11. The mean levels of serum prolactin in group I were 41.62 ± 20.02 and that in group II were 22.36 ± 15.61, respectively. There was a high prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia in group I when compared with group II. Conclusion: This study showed significantly higher prolactin and TSH levels among the primary infertile female patients. Therefore, for proper management of infertile cases, it may be necessary to look for thyroid dysfunction and treat it accordingly.

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