Climate variability is highly impacting on mosquito-borne diseases causing malaria and dengue fever across the globe. Seasonal variability change in temperature and rainfall patterns are impacting on human health. Mosquitoes cause diseases like dengue fever, yellow fever, malaria, Chikungunya, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis. According to estimations by health organizations, annually one million human deaths are caused by vector-borne diseases, and dengue fever has increased about 30-fold over the past 50 years. Similarly, over 200 million cases of malaria are being reported annually. Mosquito-borne diseases are sensitive to temperature, humidity and seasonal variability. Both conventional (environmental, chemical, mechanical, biological etc.) and nanotechnology-based (Liposomes, nano-suspensions and polymer-based nanoparticles) approaches are used for the eradication of Malaria and dengue fever. Now green approaches are used to eradicate mosquitoes to save human health without harming the environment. In this review, the impact of climatic conditions on mosquito-borne diseases along with conventional and nanotechnology-based approaches used for controlling malaria and dengue fever have been discussed. Important recommendations have been made for people to stay healthy.

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Nanotechnology has vast applications in virtually all the fields including health and environment. Nanomaterials have different origins like plants, animals, metals, and microorganisms. They have larvicidal activities against mosquito larvae that cause malaria and dengue fever which are most malicious parasitic diseases of human beings. Multidrug resistance of malaria has been reported in different parts of Southeast Asia especially to the first line of antimalarial drugs. Nanomaterials having different origin, sizes, concentrations, and shapes, have varied efficacy against the vectors which are comparable with the commercially available insecticides and even have better results than the same. Nanomaterials can be used as an alternative to commercially available insecticides for the eradication of vectors causing both the diseases. In this chapter, types, sources, composition, larvicidal potential against vectors of nanomaterials have been discussed along with possible toxicity and future recommendations on the eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquito-borne diseases.

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