The structure of the (-)-(7S,8R,9S,10R)-N6-[10-(7,8,910-tetrahydrobenzo [a]pyrenyl)]-2'-deoxyadenosyl adduct at X6 of 5'-d(CGGACXAGAAG)-3'-5'-d(CTTCTTGTCCG)-3', derived from trans addition of the exocyclic N6-amino group of dA to (-)-(7S,8R,9R,10S)-7, 8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(-)-DE2], was determined using molecular dynamics simulations restrained by 369 NOEs from 1H NMR. This was named the SRSR(61,2) adduct, derived from the N-ras protooncogene at and adjacent to the nucleotides encoding amino acid 61 (underlined) of the p21 gene product. NOEs between C5, S.R.S.R A6, and A7 were disrupted, as were those between T17 and G18. NOEs between benzo[a]pyrene and DNA protons were localized on the two faces of the pyrenyl ring. The benzo[a]pyrene H3-H6 protons showed NOEs to T17 CH3, while H1, H2, and H3 showed NOEs to T17 deoxyribose; the latter protons and H4 showed NOEs to T17 H2', H2" and to T17 H6. Noes were observed between H11 and H12 and C5 H]',H2', H2". G18 N1H showed NOEs to both faces of benzo[a]pyrene. Upfield shifts of 2.6 ppm for T17 N3H and 1.8 ppm for G18 N1H. 1 ppm for T17 H6 and CH3, and 0.75 ppm for C5 H5, with a smaller shift for C5 H6, and a 1.5 ppm dispersion of the pyrenyl protons suggested that benzo[a]pyrene intercalated above the 5'-face of S.R.S.R A6. The precision of the refined structures was monitored by pairwise root mean square deviations. which were < 1.5 A; accuracy was measured by complete relaxation matrix calculations, which yielded a sixth root R factor of 8.1 x 10(-2). Interstrand stacking between the pyrenyl ring and the T17 pyrimidine and G18 purine rings was enhanced by the bay ring. Changes of +30 degrees and -25 degrees in buckle for C5.G18 and S.R.S.R A6.T17, respectively, were calculated, as was a -40 degrees change in propeller twist for C5.G18. The rise between C5.G18 and S.R.S.R A6.T17 was calculated to be 7 A. The work extended the pattern for adenine N6 benzo[a]pyrene adducts, in which the R stereochemistry at C10 predicted 5'-intercalation of the pyrenyl moiety.
The thermodynamics of the binding of the Sac7d protein of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to doublestranded DNA has been characterized using spectroscopic signals arising from both the protein and the DNA. Ligand binding density function analysis has been used to demonstrate that the fractional change in protein intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence quenching that occurs upon DNA binding is equal to the fraction of protein bound. Reverse titration data have been fit directly to the McGhee-von Hippel model [
Malondialdehyde (MDA), a known mutagen and suspected carcinogen, is a product of lipid peroxidation and byproduct of eicosanoid biosynthesis. MDA can react with DNA to generate potentially mutagenic adducts on adenine, cytosine, and particularly guanine. In addition, repair-dependent frame shift mutations in a GCGCGC region of Salmonella typhimurium hisD3052 have been attributed to formation of interstrand cross-links (Mukai, F. H. and Goldstein, B. D. Science 1976, 191, 868--869). The cross-linked species is unstable and has never been characterized but has been postulated to be a bis-imino linkage between N(2) positions of guanines. An analogous linkage has now been investigated as a stable surrogate using the self-complementary oligodeoxynucleotide sequence 5'-d(AGGCG*CCT)(2,) in which G* represents guanines linked via a trimethylene chain between N(2) positions. The solution structure, obtained by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics using a simulated annealing protocol, revealed the cross-link only minimally distorts duplex structure in the region of the cross-link. The tether is accommodated by partially unwinding the duplex at the lesion site to produce a bulge and tipping the guanine residues; the two guanines and the tether attain a nearly planar conformation. This distortion did not result in significant bending of the DNA, a result which was confirmed by gel electrophoresis studies of multimers of a 21-mer duplex containing the cross-link.
The structure of the (-)-(7S,8R,9S,10R)-N6-[10-(7,8,9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenyl)]-2'-deoxyadenosyl adduct at A7 of 5'-d(CGGACAAGAAG)-3'.5'-d(CTTCTTGTCCG)-3', derived from trans addition of the exocyclic N6-amino group of dA to (-)-(7S,8R,9R, 10S)-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(-)-DE2], was determined using molecular dynamics simulations restrained by 532 NOEs from 1H NMR. This was named the SRSR(61,3) adduct, derived from the N-rasprotooncogene at and adjacent to the nucleotides encoding amino acid 61 (underlined) of the p21 gene product. The solution structure of this adduct was best described as a mixture of two conformations in rapid equilibrium on the NMR time scale. The two populations differed in the pseudorotation angle of the sugar ring for the 5'-neighboring base A6, as determined from scalar coupling data. One population, estimated to be present at 53%, had the A6 deoxyribose in the C2'-endo conformation, while in the second conformation the A6 deoxyribose was in the C3'-endo conformation. NOEs between C5, A6, and SRSRA7 were either disrupted or weakened, as were those in the complementary strand between C15, T16, and T17. Major groove NOEs were observed between the benzo[a]pyrene aromatic protons, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6, and T16 CH3. Minor groove NOEs were observed between H1, H2, and H3 of benzo[a]pyrene and T16 H1' and H2' and T17 H1' and H2'. The benzo[a]pyrene protons H10, H11, and H12 showed NOEs to A6 H1', H2', and H2". The chemical shifts of the pyrenyl moiety were dispersed over a 1.9 ppm range. Upfield chemical shifts of 2.4 ppm for T16 N3H, 1.1 ppm for T17 N3H, 1.3 and 1.0 ppm for T16 H6 and CH3, 0.85 ppm for T16 H1', and 0.80 and 0.90 ppm for C15 H2' and H2" were observed. These observations were consistent with intercalation of the pyrenyl moiety toward the 5' direction of SRSRA7. The results were compared to the isomeric SRSR(61,2) adduct [I. S. Zegar, S. J. Kim, T. N. Johansen, P. J. Horton, C. M. Harris, T. M. Harris, and M. P. Stone (1996) Biochemistry 35, 6212-6224] and revealed the role of DNA sequence in modulating the conformation of this benzo[a]pyrene adduct.
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