Aims: Pilot studies applying a humanoid robot (NAO), a pet robot (PARO) and a real animal (DOG) in therapy sessions of patients with dementia in a nursing home and a day care center.Methods:In the nursing home, patients were assigned by living units, based on dementia severity, to one of the three parallel therapeutic arms to compare: CONTROL, PARO and NAO (Phase 1) and CONTROL, PARO, and DOG (Phase 2). In the day care center, all patients received therapy with NAO (Phase 1) and PARO (Phase 2). Therapy sessions were held 2 days per week during 3 months. Evaluation, at baseline and follow-up, was carried out by blind raters using: the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), the Severe Mini Mental State Examination (sMMSE), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), the Apathy Scale for Institutionalized Patients with Dementia Nursing Home version (APADEM-NH), the Apathy Inventory (AI) and the Quality of Life Scale (QUALID). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests performed by a blinded investigator.Results: In the nursing home, 101 patients (Phase 1) and 110 patients (Phase 2) were included. There were no significant differences at baseline. The relevant changes at follow-up were: (Phase 1) patients in the robot groups showed an improvement in apathy; patients in NAO group showed a decline in cognition as measured by the MMSE scores, but not the sMMSE; the robot groups showed no significant changes between them; (Phase 2) QUALID scores increased in the PARO group. In the day care center, 20 patients (Phase 1) and 17 patients (Phase 2) were included. The main findings were: (Phase 1) improvement in the NPI irritability and the NPI total score; (Phase 2) no differences were observed at follow-up.
The multimodal assessment of capacities in severe dementia (MAC-SD), a novel cognitive and functional assessment, was developed for use with patients with severe dementia. Its psychometric attributes were examined in a unicenter, open, observational study. The MAC-SD along with the Spanish language Severe Mini Mental Exam were administered to 103 patients with a diagnosis of severe dementia. Psychometric analyses were performed to determine acceptability, reliability, validity, and responsiveness. As a whole, the MAC-SD sections showed no floor effects, satisfactory internal consistency, reproducibility, construct validity, precision, and sensitivity to change. The MAC-SD performed as a useful, valid, and potentially responsive tool to measure cognition and functioning in the most advanced stages of dementia.
User detection, recognition, and tracking is at the heart of human-robot interaction, and yet, to date, no universal robust method exists for being aware of the people in a robot's surroundings. The present article imports into existing social robotic platforms different techniques, some of them classical, and other novel, for detecting, recognizing, and tracking human users. The outputs from the parallel execution of these algorithms are then merged, creating a modular, expandable, and fast architecture. This results in a local user mapping through fusion of multiple user recognition techniques. The different people detectors comply with a common interface called PeoplePoseList Publisher, while the people recognition algorithms meet an interface called PeoplePoseList Matcher. The fusion of all these different modules is based on the Unscented Kalman Filtering technique. Extensive benchmarks of the subcomponents and of the whole architecture demonstrate the validity and interest of all levels of the architecture. In addition, all the software and data sets generated in this work are freely available.
Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) poseen mutaciones en los genes del receptor de la tirosín quinasa (RTKs) KIT y PDGFRA. La posibilidad de bloquear esta actividad ha significado una nueva esperanza terapéutica. El diagnóstico de GIST recae en la expresión inmunohistoquímica del c-KIT, pero un 4-15% son c-KIT negativos (aún en presencia de mutación), y sin embargo estos pacientes podrían beneficiarse del tratamiento con inhibidores tirosín quinasa (TKIs).El DOG1 es un nuevo anticuerpo cuya sensibilidad y especificidad parece ser superior o igual a la del c-KIT. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la sensibilidad (Se) y especificidad (Sp) de DOG1 en GIST de tipo usual (c-KIT positivos), de tipo inusual (c-KIT negativos) y frente a otros tumores fusocelulares mesenquimales, y comparar la validez diagnóstica del DOG1 frente al c-KIT.Estudiamos 40 GIST, 39 c-KIT positivos y un c-KIT negativo. Se realizó un panel inmunohistoquímico con los anticuerpos: c-KIT, CD34, actina músculo liso, DOG1 y S100, en los GIST como en siete tumores fusocelulares.La Se y Sp de GIST para DOG1 fue del 100 y 97,5% para c-KIT. La inmunoreactividad para DOG1 en todos los tumores fusocelulares fue negativa. La validez diagnóstica de DOG1 y C-KIT fue similar a la hora de detectar GIST y no GIST. DOG1 es un marcador específico y sensible para el diagnóstico y diagnóstico diferencial de GISTs (es capaz de detectar algunos GIST sin mutación en RTK). El DOG1 debería de formar parte del panel inmunohistoquímico para el diagnóstico de GIST.Palabras clave. GIST. DOG1. aBstractGatrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) harbour oncogenic mutations in tyrosin kynases receptors (RTKs) including KIT and PDGFRA. The inhibition of this activity has been regarded as the primary target for the treatment of these patients. Diagnosis of GIST relies on c-KIT inmunoreactivity; however there is a 4-15% of GISTs that are C-KIT negative which may lead to underdiagnosis of GISTs and possible withholding of therapy.The novel gene DOG1 has been found overexpressed in GISTs and has potential as a diagnostic marker for GISTs showing even more sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) than c-KIT for the diagnosis of these tumors. In this study we compared the (Se) and (Sp) of DOG1 in typical and atypical GISTs (c-KIT positive or negative) with c-KIT and other mesenchymal neoplasms in the differential diagnosis of GISTs We examined 40 GIST (39 showed inmunoreactivity for c-KIT and one was c-KIT negative) and another seven fusiform tumors. An inmunohistochemical panel was performed with c-KIT, CD34, smooth muscle actin, DOG1 and S100 antibodies on both types of neoplasms.The overall Se and Sp of DOG1 and KIT in GISTs were nearly identical: 100 and 97,5%. Negativity for DOG1 was observed in all fusiform mesenchymal neoplasms.DOG1 is highly expressed in GIST and its expression seems quite specific for these tumours when the differential diagnosis includes another mesenchymal neoplasms.DOG1 should be added to the diagnostic panel evaluating GISTs.
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