SummarySalvinia minima is a tropical aquatic floating plant, which has become a weed in the tropical and subtropical regions due to its high productivity and tolerance to a wide range of temperatures. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of two different light conditions (extreme light limiting conditions and non-limiting light conditions) and the pH (at different values, depending on the metal) on the capacity of Salvinia minima BAKER for accumulating and removing Cd (II), Pb (II) and Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. The experimental units were exposed either to light and temperature "controlled" conditions (60 µmol/m 2 s and 25°C) or to the outdoor conditions of the City of Xalapa, Veracruz (subtropical region), during the period of April through June. It was found that under "controlled" conditions, the concentration of cadmium in the whole plant tissue was 10,930 mg/kg and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was 2,718. In the case of "outdoor" conditions (1,044 µmol/m 2 s), the Cd concentration in the tissue reached 11,262 mg/kg and the BCF 2,694, for the same metal initial concentration (4 ± 0.18 mg/l). Lead bioaccumulation was also high for both light conditions. Under "controlled" conditions, the metal concentration in the plants supplied with 3.0 ± 0.27 mg/l was 9,780.0 mg/kg and the BCF was 3,304. With an average light intensity of 336 µmol/m 2 s, lead concentration reached 7,705 and the BCF was 2,822. Under "controlled" conditions, a bioaccumulation of Cr (VI) of 3,111 mg/kg at an initial concentration of 4.0 ± 0.03 mg/l and a corresponding BCF of 784 were attained. The pH had a significant influence on the capacity of Salvinia to remove Cd (II). At an initial concentration of 4 mg/l, this effect was highest at pH 7.0 (84.58 ± 1.43%) under "controlled" conditions. However, under outdoor conditions, the pH did not exert a significant influence on the removal capacity of Salvinia for Cd (II), being in the range of 81.00 to 82.59% for the range of pH from 5.0 to 8.0. Cadmium removal by Salvinia minima occurred very quickly during the first 5 hours of incubation, regardless of the initial Cd (II) concentration or the light conditions, indicating the possible occurrence of adsorption to the root's surface. Lead removal by S. minima was independent of the pH in the range of pH 3.0 to 5.0, but it was affected by the light intensity. A maximum removal of 97.44% was achieved at pH 4.0; under outdoor conditions at an initial concentration of 3 mg Pb (II)/l. The removal percentage of Cr (VI) at pH 3.0 to 5.0 was also very limited.

The land-sparing/land-sharing debate remains an oversimplified framework to evaluate landscape management strategies that aim to reconcile food production and biodiversity conservation. Still, biodiversity-yield curves, on which the framework has relied, provide valuable qualitative information on biodiversity's sensitivity to agricultural practices, and much research has studied this relationship. But the potential effect of

In Europe, agriculture represents the dominant land use and there is a substantial part of biodiversity associated with those habitats. Therefore, conservation studies should direct to agriculture fields aiming to minimize the biodiversity losses. Vineyards could play a key role in producing win-win solutions for agriculture and biodiversity conservation, as an entrance point of sustainable practices in agriculture management. This study aims to evaluate the influence of different agriculture practices on macroinvertebrate diversity and in the productivity of the vineyards. Comparing these variables, we hope to determine the most sustainable agriculture practices, to suggest conservation measures to enhance sustainability and improve biodiversity in the vineyards. We are comparing Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera diversity and levels of productivity in three differently managed vineyards: conventional, organic and integrated production with controlled doses of chemicals (optidose). Macroinvertebrates will be sampled by pitfalls and colour plates. Study area is Herdade dos Pinheiros of Fundação Eugénio de Almeida, in Évora (Alentejo, Portugal). We expect to find higher macroinvertebrates diversity where there is less disturbance, as in the organic vineyard. And the contrary for the conventional. Also, we are expecting to find little diversity of Hemiptera when there are higher levels of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera diversity, because that means biological control is acting. Finally, we hope to find the best agriculture measures to enhance sustainability and improve biodiversity in vineyards and surrounding areas.

Landscape agroecology, land-sharing / land-sparing, agroecological matrix, ecological network model, sustainable agriculture, spatial heterogeneity 2 ABSTRACTThe land-sparing/land-sharing debate remains an oversimplified framework to evaluate landscape management strategies that aim to reconcile food production and biodiversity conservation. Still, biodiversity-yield curves, on which the framework has relied, provide valuable qualitative information on biodiversity's sensitivity to agricultural practices, and much research has studied this relationship. But the potential effect of