Abstract:The biosorption potential of three fungal waste-biomasses (Acremonium strictum, Acremonium sp. and Penicillium sp.) from pharmaceutical companies was compared with that of a selected biomass (Cunninghamella elegans), already proven to be very effective in dye biosorption. Among the waste-biomasses, A. strictum was the most efficient (decolorization percentage up to 90% within 30 min) with regard to three simulated dye baths; nevertheless it was less active than C. elegans which was able to produce a quick and substantial decolorization of all the simulated dye baths (up to 97% within 30 min). The biomasses of A. strictum and C. elegans were then tested for the treatment of nine real exhausted dye baths. A. strictum was effective at acidic or neutral pH, whereas C. elegans confirmed its high efficiency and versatility towards exhausted dye baths characterised by different classes of dyes (acid, disperse, vat, reactive) and variation in pH and ionic strength. Finally, the effect of pH on the biosorption process was evaluated to provide a realistic estimation of the validity of the laboratory results in an industrial setting. The C. elegans biomass was highly effective from pH 3 to pH 11 (for amounts of adsorbed dye up to 1054 and 667 mg of dye g −1 biomass dry weight, respectively); thus, this biomass can be considered an excellent and exceptionally versatile biosorbent material.
The surface tension of the Cu-Sn system has been measured over the whole composition range by using the large drop method over the temperature range T ) (430 to 1300) K. The measurements were carried out at equilibrium and under "oxygen-free" conditions. The results obtained were compared with the available literature data as well as with theoretical values calculated by the compound formation model (CFM) and quasi chemical approximation for regular solution (QCA). In addition, dynamic surface tension measurements have been performed to study the evolution of the molten alloy surface in the presence of trace amounts of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere. The general physico-mathematical formalism developed by our group to study liquid binary alloys and their oxides has been applied to describe the interactions in Cu-Sn melts under an oxidizing atmosphere. The experimental findings validate the model predicting the oxidation phenomena which contribute to maintain the interface cleanness and to determine the boundary separating oxidation and deoxidation regimes.
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