The aromatic species Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth (Piperaceae) is widely used in Brazil for medicinal and ritualistic applications. In the current study, chemophenetic patterns were realized across season and circadian rhythm based on the chemical profile of essential oils (EOs) from leaves. Hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, and a new calculation of metabolite oxidation level, averaged for each individual molecule component of the EO, was used to explore the patterns of metabolism/biosynthesis. This new index used an intermediate calculation, the ‘weighted average redox standard’ (SRO), to enable a value for mixtures of metabolites to be generated, the ‘general mixture redox index’ (GMOR). The indices were subjected to a proof-of-concept approach by making comparison to outcomes from multivariate analyses, i.e., PCA and HCA. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the essential oils were dominated by sesquiterpenes, constructed of 15 classes of compound (C-skeletons), and 4 C-skeletons were recognized in the monoterpene group, giving a total of 19. The variation of chemical profiles was distinct at different phenological stages, but stronger chemical variation was evident between day and night as compared to season. Furthermore, due to comprehensive sampling across different regions, nine chemotypes were recognized, including those previously reported. The SRO and GMRO indices demonstrate that phenological variation of chemistry is mainly an outcome of redox fluctuations in terpene biosynthesis, changing from day to night. These indices also corroborate that chemical diversity is increased with oxidative metabolism. Lastly, the current study demonstrates pronounced phenotypic plasticity in P. gaudichaudianum, which makes it a suitable candidate to help further our understanding of chemophenetics and chemical ecology.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender e documentar o conhecimento acerca do uso plantas medicinais dos responsáveis dos educandos do Centro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro que residem em áreas urbanas e incentivar a interação entre responsável-aluno no ambiente de aprendizagem. Foram realizadas reuniões mensais com atividades participativas em cinco etapas diferentes para atingir os objetivos propostos. O grupo foi composto por 68 responsáveis, sendo 75% representado pelo sexo feminino e 25% pelo sexo masculino com uma variação de faixa etária entre 25 a 75 anos. Os responsáveis mencionaram a utilização de 65 espécies distribuídas em 35 famílias. Conclui-se que o presente estudo evidencia uma metodologia de educação em saúde exitosa, que aproxima a comunidade científica da população, gerando conhecimento, saúde e autonomia para o indivíduo.
Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth (Piperaceae) is widely used in Brazil as medicinal and ritualistic. In this study, chemophenetic patterns were evaluated based on leaves’ essential oils (EOs) chemical composition. Several collections were performed to accomplish circadian rhythm and seasonal studies. Besides, a predictive methodology was developed and submitted to Proof of Concept (PoC) to determine the metabolism pattern and evaluate the reduction-oxidation of complex mixtures: Weighted Average Redox Standard (SRO) and General Mixture Redox Index (GMOR). Fresh leaves EOs obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The main identified compounds were sesquiterpenes. Nineteen terpene skeletons were registered. There was chemical composition variation at different phenological stages. EOs varied more between day and night than seasonally. Nine chemotypes are proposed based on our results and those from literature. SRO and GMRO analyzes highlighted a possible redox balance throughout day and night. Compounds per carbon skeleton diversification in EOs are matched by an increase in compounds SRO. We also report for the first time high chemical phenotype plasticity based on EOs analysis and its implications for P. gaudichaudianum chemophenetics, chemosystematics and ecology.
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