Background Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and reduces death due to bleeding in patients with trauma. Meta-analyses of small trials show that tranexamic acid might decrease deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods We did an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. Patients were enrolled if the responsible clinician was uncertain whether to use tranexamic acid, were aged above the minimum age considered an adult in their country (either aged 16 years and older or aged 18 years and older), and had significant (defined as at risk of bleeding to death) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients were randomly assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients received either a loading dose of 1 g tranexamic acid, which was added to 100 mL infusion bag of 0•9% sodium chloride and infused by slow intravenous injection over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of 3 g tranexamic acid added to 1 L of any isotonic intravenous solution and infused at 125 mg/h for 24 h, or placebo (sodium chloride 0•9%). Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation; analysis excluded patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable. This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN11225767, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01658124.
Myelofibrosis (MF) is characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, abnormalities in peripheral counts, extramedullary hematopoiesis, splenomegaly and an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia. The disease course is often heterogeneous and management can range from observation alone through to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. As of 2017, the only approved medication for MF remains the JAK Inhibitor (JAKi), ruxolitinib (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland; Incyte, Wilmington, Detroit, USA) although several others have reached advanced stages of clinical trials. Areas covered: In this review, we focus on the management of both common and uncommon side effects arising from the use of currently approved and clinical trial JAKi. Most of the discussion concerns ruxolitinib although we also cover both pacritinib (CTI BioPharma) and momelotinib (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California) which have been in recent large, multinational phase III trials. The various approaches to management of JAKi-related side effects are discussed - with particular emphasis to anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and infection risk. Expert commentary: JAK inhibitors are effective in many individuals with MF and have revolutionized the current treatment paradigm. The side effect profile, in the most, is predictable and manageable with high degrees of clinical surveillance and dose modifications.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common neurological condition with rare yet potentially serious cutaneous and skeletal complications. We present a case of mutilating/ulcerating bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome in a 63 year old female. Radiographs showed symmetrical acral osteolysis in the index and middle fingers distal phalanges bilaterally. Carpal tunnel decompressions provided symptomatic relief.
Two-point discrimination is the distinction of two points put to skin at the same time (TPD). Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the variation in two-point discrimination sense with increasing age among diabetic population. Methods: Cross Sectional conducted among 309 Diabetic Participants from age 21-60 years. Data Collected from University of South Asia, Lahore. Study completed within 6 months (from 5th September 2019 to 28th February 2020) by Non-Probability Convenient Sampling. The ability to distinguish the two-point was estimated in millimeters by using TPD tool. Results were analyzed by SPSS-25. Result: Average TPD value is 2.4888±.75428 (male 2.57±.73124 and female 2.40±.76946). There is a significant difference between the mean value of TPD for Gender (male and female [P=0.04]) and Different Age Group (20-30 age (m=1.6462±.300), 31-40 age (m=2.1609±.341), 41-50 age (m=2.7224±.342) and 51-60 age (m=3.4678±.346), [P = 0.000]. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in Two Point Discrimination (TPD) values among different age groups and gender. Females have more sensitivity than males. TPD value increase with increase of age.
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