The aim of this study was to design a matrix transdermal patch of ketoprofen and allopurinol for the possible treatment of arthritis with reduced side effects. For this purpose, a bilayer matrix transdermal patch was prepared with an immediate release layer of Methocel containing ketoprofen while secondary sustained layer composed of allopurinol with combinations of Eudragit RL100 and Methocel. The patch was studied for swelling index in distilled water and was found to increase with an increase in concentration of hydrophilic polymer. The in vitro dissolution was conducted in USP dissolution apparatus II using phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) as dissolution medium at 37 ± 2°C. Based on in vitro dissolution studies, KA1BL (99.65% release in 10 hr) was selected for ex vivo permeation studies through Franz diffusion cell using excised abdominal skin of albino rats, and using clove oil and menthol as permeation enhancers. The optimized formulation KA1BL‐M3 released 69.37% drug over 12 hr and followed zero‐order kinetics with anomalous release mechanism. The patch had uniform distribution of components as per digital microscopic analysis.
One of the major health hazards that has erupted in Pakistan within the recent past years and has caused loss of life of many young people is Dengue Fever. Objective: Main objective was to find clinico-pathologic parameters which are essentially associated with complications and contribute to the adverse outcome. Material & Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 106 seropositive cases of dengue fever. Patients were taken from Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi from June 2008 to March 2009. Results: The most common hematological abnormalities were thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. Platelets count below 50 × 103/ μL was seen in (78%) cases and 49 % patients had total white cell count below 4 ×103 /μL. Partial thromboplastin time was significantly prolonged in (26%) cases whereas prothrombin time was normal in all patients. Liver enzymes both Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Amino-transferase were significantly elevated in (60%) patients. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine was deranged in (23%) patients. Conclusions: Fever was the most common clinical presentation( 86 % of the patients). Hematological parameters (low platelet count, low total leucocytes count, prolonged APTT and raised hematocrit) and biochemical parameters (raised aminotransferases, blood urea nitrogen) have strong association with the complications of dengue fever and hence are associated with the poor outcome of disease.
The use of a drain after various types of arthroscopic surgeries has long been debated. Whether a drain offers an advantage in terms of pain, swelling, and functional outcome after arthroscopy-assisted reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) needs to be investigated. This study was designed to assess the validity of the use of an intra-articular drain after routine arthroscopic ACL reconstruction and to assess the various complications associated with its use.
Material and methodsForty-four patients (group I included patients for whom an intra-articular drain was used and group II included patients for whom an intra-articular drain was not used) diagnosed with ACL injury were included in the study. The patients in group I had a drain placed inside the joint, while those in group II had a drain placed outside the joint cavity but the drain placement was such that there remained no patient or observer bias.
ResultsOutcome assessment was performed on days one, two, and three followed by weeks one, four, and eight, and six months after surgery by determining a visual analog pain (VAS) score. The assessment was also done for the range of motion (ROM) in terms of loss of flexion and extension with a hand-held goniometer, knee hemarthrosis, and thigh circumference. Although there was a difference in both the groups in terms of the above-mentioned parameters in the early post-operative period, the difference becomes insignificant at the final follow-up at six months.
ConclusionFrom this study, we conclude that putting an intra-articular drain after ACL reconstruction offers no advantage in terms of functional outcome in the long term.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.