Noise is surely one of the most undesirable by-products of the modern mechanized lifestyle. We see the rush and the fights between the masses relating to the traffic laws everywhere, their violations and their after-shocks. To assess the noise levels in busy roads of Faisalabad, a study was conducted at three different times of a day i.e. morning (9:00 am), noon (3:00 pm) and evening (6:00 pm). Out of a total of 85 sites, 6 sites at morning time, 52 sites at noon time and 27 sites at evening time were exceeding the permissible limit set by Pak-EPA (NEQS). The maximum noise levels recorded were 101.7 dB (A) at State Bank Road, 107.9 dB(A) at Jhal Pull and 107.9 dB(A) at Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) at morning, noon and evening, respectively. At the same time, the minimum noise levels recorded were 68.3(A) dB at Jhang Bazar, 75.7 dB(A) at Nishat Abad Pull and 71.3 dB (A) was at Jamia Chistian Chowk in morning, noon and evening, respectively. Overall maximum noise level of 107.9 dB(A) was found at two sites, and the minimum noise level was 68.3 dB(A).
Baking is an energy intensive unit operation. The thermal application of solar energy is getting attention in food processes by eliminating the facts of interrupted supply and fluctuated costs of nonrenewable energy sources. This study has been carried out for the design and development of solar bakery unit which comprises of a 10 m2 Scheffler reflector focusing all the beam radiations on a secondary reflector that further concentrate the beam radiations toward the heat receiver of solar bakery unit to heat up the air circulated through baking chamber employing a photovoltaic operated fan. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-based three-dimensional (3D) simulation was performed to analyze the design for uniform air distribution in the baking chamber. The system designed configurations gave quite good results for airflow distribution. The receiver temperature reached between 300 and 400 °C while temperature at the inlet of baking chamber was in the range of 200–230 °C, sufficient for most of the products to be baked. The maximum available solar power at receiver was calculated to be 3.46 kW having an average efficiency of 63%. A series of experiments were conducted for the baking of cakes and total energy available in baking chamber was about 3.29 kW and cake utilized 0.201 kW energy to be baked. The average value of energy utilization ratio was found to be 45%. As a base, the study would lead to the development of an appropriate and low cost solar baking units for the maximum retention of quality parameters and energy saving.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.