Background: There are thousands of medical applications for mobile devices targeting use by healthcare professionals. However, several factors related to the structure of the existing market for medical applications create significant barriers preventing practitioners from effectively identifying mobile medical applications for individual professional use. Aims: To define existing market factors relevant to selection of medical applications and describe a framework to empower clinicians to identify, assess and utilise mobile medical applications in their own practice. Materials and Methods: Resources available on the Internet regarding mobile medical applications, guidelines and published research on mobile medical applications. Results: Mobile application stores (e.g. iTunes, Google Play) are not effective means of identifying mobile medical applications. Users of mobile devices that desire to implement mobile medical applications into practice need to carefully assess individual applications prior to utilisation. Discussion: Searching and identifying mobile medical applications requires clinicians to utilise multiple references to determine what application is best for their individual practice methods. This can be done with a cursory exploration of mobile application stores and then moving onto other available resources published in the literature or through Internet resources (e.g. blogs, medical websites, social media). Clinicians must also take steps to ensure that an identified mobile application can be integrated into practice after carefully reviewing it themselves. Conclusion: Clinicians seeking to identify mobile medical application for use in their individual practice should use a combination of app stores, published literature, web-based resources, and personal review to ensure safe and appropriate use. What's knownMobile medical applications may serve multiple roles as supportive tools for medical practitioners. However, clinicians must be careful in the identification and selection of applications they wish to implement into their practice. What's newClinicians have multiple ways of identifying mobile medical applications through websites, publications, and social media. Incorporation of medical applications into practice requires close scrutiny of their quality, and using their devices appropriately.

Abstract:In this paper, the steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow of a viscoelastic Walters' B' fluid over a stretching surface is examined. It is assumed that the fluid impinges on the wall obliquely. Using similarity variables, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a set of two non-dimensional ordinary differential equations. These equations are then solved numerically using the shooting method with a finite-difference technique.PACS (

The steady two-dimensional stagnation point flow of a non-Newtonian Walters' B' fluid with slip is studied. The fluid impinges on the wall either orthogonally or obliquely. A finite difference technique is employed to obtain solutions

Seawater has been used for long time as a cooling fluid in heat exchangers to reduce fresh water usage in industry and power plants. The thermophysical properties of seawater are different from those of fresh water due to the salt content or salinity. This difference is sufficient to affect the heat and mass transfer processes which in turn change the thermal performance. Thermal design of fresh water cooling towers is described in detail in many textbooks and handbooks. However, only a rule of thumb is frequently used for designing of seawater cooling towers. This rule recommends degrading the tower performance by approximately 1% for every 10,000 ppm of salts in the feed water. In this paper, the thermal performance of seawater cooling towers is presented using a detailed model of counterflow wet cooling towers which takes into consideration the coupled simultaneous heat and mass transfer processes and uses state-of-the-art seawater properties from the literature. The model governing equations are solved numerically and the validity of this model is checked using new experimental data that has been measured using a bench top counterflow seawater cooling tower. The effect of the variation of seawater salinity as well as other operating conditions on the effectiveness and Merkel number is investigated.

It is well recognized that leaking expansion joints at the ends of bridge decks have led to the premature deterioration of bridge components. The elimination of these maintenance-prone joints not only yields immediate economic benefits but also improves the long-term durability of bridges. In Ontario, Canada, “jointless” bridges have been used for many years. Recently, the use of two main types of these bridges has increased dramatically. The first type is an “integral abutment” bridge that comprises an integral deck and abutment system supported on flexible piles. The approach slabs are also continuous with the deck slab. The flexible foundation allows the anticipated deck movements to take place at the end of the approach slab. Control joint details have been developed to allow movements at this location. The second type is a “semi-integral abutment” bridge that also allows expansion joints to be eliminated from the end of the bridge deck. The approach slabs are continuous with the deck slab, and the abutments are supported on rigid foundations (spread footings). The superstructure is not continuous with the abutments, and conventional bearings are used to allow horizontal movements between the deck and the abutments. A control joint is provided at the end of the approach slab that is detailed to slide in between the wing walls. Some of the design methods and construction details that are used in Ontario for integral and semi-integral abutment bridges are summarized. A review of the actual performance of existing bridges is also presented.