One of the major problems in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is that resource-constrained sensor nodes consume their limited batteries quickly due to long-distance data communications. The communication distance of the nodes can be decreased using clustering architectures and multi-hop data transmissions; hence, the lifetime of the network can be increased. In this study, two-level intra-cluster and multi-level inter-cluster communication are proposed. The coverage area of the second-level clusters is dynamically determined according to the distance of cluster heads to the BS. Self-organized nodes in the network designate the clustering ranges, the clusters, and the cluster heads without a central control mechanism using a fully distributed approach. Moreover, with the help of static clustering, the control messages generated by the system are decreased. The proposed approach, FDEAM, is compared with recent approaches in terms of the network lifetime, network energy consumption, cluster head alteration frequency, dead parent statistics, and data collection.The results show that FDEAM outperforms state-of-the-art approaches for all performance metrics.
Due to the positioning in hostile environment, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are prone to various attacks. Hence, security is one of the most important issues in these networks. Therefore, detecting and preventing several kinds of attacks on WSNs is a popular subject in literature. However, handling these attacks on WSNs requires realistic modeling of these attacks since most of WSNs are application specific. In this paper, two kinds of serious attacks called the sinkhole and the black hole attack are modelled on the LEACH, which is a common clusterbased WSN. Three models are designed for these attacks and the results are evaluated under different performance metrics for different number of nodes. The results show that the black hole attack with a black hole region, which damages the network more than the other attacks, inclines 38% of the packets to be dropped. Index Terms-black hole, LEACH, sinkhole, wireless sensor network
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