Risk Management-Current Issues and Challenges 254 2.1. Conceptual approaches for risk In general terms, risk is part of any human effort. Once we leave to go back home, we are exposed to risks of different levels and degrees. It is significant that some new risks are completely voluntary, and some are created by us through the nature of activities. The word "risk" derives from the Italian word "risicare", which means "to dare". In this sense, the risk is a choice, not fate 1. From this definition it follows that the risk is not an option, but we are permanently exposed to risk in everyday life, what is really important is that each time, to gain control over it. Nowadays there is no unanimously accepted definition of the concept of risk by all specialists in the field. Among the most commonly used definitions, we present the following: "Risk is the possibility of obtaining favorable or unfavorable results in a future action expressed in terms of probabilities." or "Risk is a possible future event whose production could cause some losses." or "Risk is the threat that an event or action to affect in a negatve manner the capacity of an organization to achieve its planned goals. 2 " The analysis of these definitions of risk gives rise to the following conclusions: a. Probability versus consequences. While some definitions given to risk focus only on the probability of the occurrence of an event, other definitions are more comprehensive, including both the probability of risk manifestation and the consequences of the event. b. Risk and threat. In defining the concept, some experts have put an equal sign between risk and threat. We specify that a threat is an event with a low probability of manifestation, but with high negative consequences, since the probability of manifestation is difficult to assess in these cases. A risk is an event with a higher probability of occurrence, for which there is sufficient information to rate the probability and consequences. c. Comparing only negative results. Some concepts about risk are focused only on negative events, while others take into account all variables, both threats and opportunities. d. Risk is related to profitability and loss. Achieving the expected result of an activity is under the influence of random factors that accompany it in all stages of its development, regardless of the domain of activity.
One can note that science tends to turn man into a master of the external and material, yet at the cost of turning him, on the level of his inner and spiritual life, into a slave of instincts altered by sin. All these, without a moral norm, become a power of destruction for man and represent issues addressed not just by bioethics, where the opinion of ‘theologians’ is consulted as well, but especially by the Church and by the Orthodoxy. The pressure of events imposes the issue of the recognition or, according to some, reformulation of the bases of ethics. Yet, this ethics ought to be constrained to a revision founded neither just on the progress of science, whose truths are partial, nor on the principles of rationalist or positivist philosophy, which try to convince man that he is no different from all the other living beings and needs to be treated in the same way as them, but on the reality of the religious fact, and, moreover, on the evidence of God’s Revelation and, implicitly, of Christian anthropology, based on the fact that man bears God’s image, not the image of man himself, as a society attempting to exclude God in an absolute manner wills to herald. According to the Holy Church Fathers, one must pursue not a concordism or discordism of theology and science but their dialogue from a theological and, implicitly, eschatological perspective. The first, namely theology, relies on the knowledge of God and the receiving of the supernatural gifts by the action of the divine uncreated energies, by means of man’s collaboration with God, which supposes man’s commitment to advance on the steps of the spiritual life: cleansing, illumination, deification. The second, namely science, relies on knowing the surrounding world and on putting to use the natural gifts, also given by God to man, and by which man investigates the reasons of things, recognising God’s power, wisdom and presence. Therefore, to theology correspond the spiritual knowledge and wisdom from Above, while to science correspond lay knowledge and the wisdom from the outside or from below.
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