Bendability is a crucial property of automotive parts, which describes the ability of extruded profiles to be formed to shape, without the appearance of discontinuities that will have an adverse effect on the mechanical properties and their energy absorption capacity (crashworthiness). Anisotropic behavior exhibited by Al alloy extrusions has been documented due to the nature of the hot working process. In the present article an attempt is made in order to determine the main factors influencing bending properties in longitudinal and transverse to extrusion direction, which are also related with anisotropic behavior. Mechanical testing, microscopic examination and finite element analysis were applied in the frame of the current investigation. The findings were indicative that grain morphology and orientation (texture), especially on the surface zone of the extruded profiles, as well as morphology and distribution of the constituent particles are strongly related with formability.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of implicit and explicit integration schemes for simulating the metal rolling process using commercial software packages ANSYS™ and LS-DYNA™.
Design/methodology/approach
For the industrial application of finite element method, the time discretization is one of the most important factors that determine the stability and efficiency of the analysis. An iterative approach, which is unconditionally stable in linear analyses, is the obvious choice for a quasi-static problem such as metal rolling. However, this approach may be challenging in achieving convergence with non-linear material behavior and complicated contact conditions. Therefore, a non-iterative method is usually adopted, in order to achieve computational accuracy through very small time steps. Models using both methods were constructed and compared for computational efficiency.
Findings
The results indicate that the explicit method yields higher levels of efficiency compared to the implicit method as model complexity increases. Furthermore, the implicit method displayed instabilities and numerical difficulties in certain load conditions further disfavoring the solver’s performance.
Originality/value
Comparison of the implicit and explicit procedures for time stepping was applied in 3D finite element analysis of the plate rolling process in order to evaluate and quantify the computational efficiency.
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