The aberrant gain of DNA methylation at CpG islands is frequently observed in colorectal tumours and may silence the expression of tumour suppressors such as MLH1. Current models propose that these CpG islands are targeted by de novo DNA methyltransferases in a sequence-specific manner, but this has not been tested. Using ectopically integrated CpG islands, here we find that aberrantly methylated CpG islands are subject to low levels of de novo DNA methylation activity in colorectal cancer cells. By delineating DNA methyltransferase targets, we find that instead de novo DNA methylation activity is targeted primarily to CpG islands marked by the histone modification H3K36me3, a mark associated with transcriptional elongation. These H3K36me3 marked CpG islands are heavily methylated in colorectal tumours and the normal colon suggesting that de novo DNA methyltransferase activity at CpG islands in colorectal cancer is focused on similar targets to normal tissues and not greatly remodelled by tumourigenesis.

DNA repair defects underlie many cancer syndromes. We tested whether de novo germline mutations (DNMs) are increased in families with germline defects in polymerase proofreading or base excision repair. A parent with a single germline POLE or POLD1 mutation, or biallelic MUTYH mutations, had 3-4 fold increased DNMs over sex-matched controls. POLE had the largest effect. The DNMs carried mutational signatures of the appropriate DNA repair deficiency. No DNM increase occurred in offspring of MUTYH heterozygous parents. Parental DNA repair defects caused about 20–150 DNMs per child, additional to the ~60 found in controls, but almost all extra DNMs occurred in non-coding regions. No increase in post-zygotic mutations was detected, excepting a child with bi-allelic MUTYH mutations who was excluded from the main analysis; she had received chemotherapy and may have undergone oligoclonal haematopoiesis. Inherited DNA repair defects associated with base pair-level mutations increase DNMs, but phenotypic consequences appear unlikely.

The correct establishment of DNA methylation patterns is vital for mammalian development and is achieved largely by the de novo DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Mutations in DNMT3B can cause immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies type 1 (ICF1) syndrome which is characterised by hypomethylated heterochromatin. However, in the genome, DNMT3B primarily localises to actively transcribing gene bodies through the interaction of its PWWP domain with the histone modification H3K36me3 and it is unclear how it is recruited to heterochromatin. Here we show that in DNMT3B knockout cells, loss of DNA methylation predominantly occurs in heterochromatic domains marked by H3K9me3. We also find that PWWP domain mutations which disrupt DNMT3B's interaction with H3K36me3 result in striking increases of DNA methylation in H3K9me3-marked heterochromatin. Gains of methylation are also observed when the PWWP domain of DNMT3B is deleted. In contrast, we find that the ICF1 syndrome-causing PWWP mutation, S270P, does not result in hypermethylation of heterochromatin and destabilises the protein. We also show that removal of the N-terminus region of DNMT3B affects its recruitment to chromatin and ability to methylate H3K9me3 marked regions. Our results suggest that DNMT3B is recruited to H3K9me3 marked heterochromatin in a PWWP-independent manner and that this recruitment is facilitated by the protein's N-terminus. More generally, we suggest that DNMT3B plays a role in DNA methylation homeostasis at heterochromatin, a process which is disrupted in ICF syndrome, cancer and aging.