Small fruits like bilberry, blackberry and mulberry are rich sources of anthocyanins and other phenols, compounds with a certified antioxidant activity and spectacular effects in some chronic diseases. Romanian bilberry, blackberry and mulberry extracts were tested as anti-hyperglycemic agents on diabetic rats. Anthocyanins extraction was carried out with 80 % acidified ethanol in ultrasonically conditions at 23 ± 2 °C and 40 kHz. Monomeric anthocyanins content was determined by pH differential method and varied between 1200 and 2800 mg/L. The analyses of anthocyanins were achieved using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Phenolics content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu procedure and values varied between 2320 and 4250 mg/L gallic acid. Antioxidant activities of extracts were estimated by DPPH scavenging method and the values varied between 8 and 16 miliequivalents Trolox. In order to evaluate the toxicology of the extracts, the heavy metals concentration and pesticides content were analyzed. The extracts were administrated to diabetic rats in drinking water for five weeks. The administration of bilberry extract offered no satisfactory results. Treatment with blackberry extract determined a significant decrease of glucose level from 360 to about 270 mg/dL (p < 0.05). The mulberry extract administration determined a significant decrease of glucose level from 252 mg/dL at the start day to 155 mg/dL at the final of experiment (p < 0.05).
The redox electrode potential of cyanidin was determined both by experimental (cyclic voltammetry) and theoretical methods, at the HF/6--311G(d) level of theory. An isodesmic reaction scheme, involving 1,2-benzoquinone as reference molecules, was proposed for the computation of the electrode potential of cyanidin. The results of the ab initio computations were in reasonable agreement with the available experimental measurements; the differences between experiment and theory were within the range of 0.02-0.05 V. Geometric parameters of the six more stable conformers of cyanidin were computed, as well as the properties, such as atomic charges and contribution to the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) energies, of each hydroxyl group of cyanidin.
The goal of this research was to design novel chloro-substituted salicylanilide derivatives and their β-cyclodextrin complexes in order to obtain efficient antibacterial compounds and to demonstrate the beneficial role of complexation on the efficiency of these compounds. Thus, salicylanilide derivatives, esters, and hydrazides were obtained by microwave-assisted synthesis and their structure proven based on FTIR and NMR spectra. In order to improve water solubility, chemical and physical stability, and drug distribution through biological membranes, the inclusion complexes of the ethyl esters in β-cyclodextrin were also obtained using kneading. Inclusion-complex characterization was accomplished by modern analytical methods, X-ray diffraction, SEM, TGA, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The newly synthesized compounds were tested against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial tests revealed good activity on Gram-positive bacteria and no inhibition against Gram-negative strains. The MIC and MBC values for compounds derived from N-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide were 0.125–1.0 mg/mL. N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide derivatives were found to be less active. The inclusion complexes generally behaved similarly to the guest compounds, and antibacterial activity was not been altered by complexation.
To obtain biologically active compounds, the synthesis of some new derivatives with an o-hydroxybenzamide structure was performed. The ethyl esters 4-6 were obtained by the reaction of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzamide and chloro-substituted acid ethyl esters 1-3 in ethyl methyl ketone. The obtained ethyl esters were condensed with hydrazine yielding the hydrazides 7-8. The hydrazones 11-14 were obtained by the reaction of the hydrazides and the chloro-substituted benzaldehydes 9-10. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, MS and elemental analyses.
Amphiphilic Janus dendrimers are arrangements containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic units, capable of forming ordered aggregates by intermolecular noncovalent interactions between the dendrimer units. Compared to conventional dendrimers, these molecular self-assemblies possess particular and effective attributes i.e., the presence of different terminal groups, essential to design new elaborated materials. The present review will focus on the pharmaceutical and biomedical application of amphiphilic Janus dendrimers. Important information for the development of novel optimized pharmaceutical formulations, such as structural classification, synthetic pathways, properties and applications, will offer the complete characterization of this type of Janus dendrimers. This work will constitute an up-to-date background for dendrimer specialists involved in designing amphiphilic Janus dendrimer-based nanomaterials for future innovations in this promising field.
The synthesis of 2-phenoxyalkanoic acids (ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic) was realized by the reaction of ortho-hydroxybenzamide respectively N-phenyl-o-hydroxybenzamide with ?-halogenated acids in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. 2-[o-(carbamoyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl- and 2-[o-(phenylcarbamoyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl- propanoic acids were obtained by reaction of the appropriate amide with acetone, chloroform and sodium hydroxide. Ethyl esters of 2-phenoxyalkanoic acids were obtained by the reaction of the amide with ethyl esters of ?-halogenated acids in different reaction media. Starting from the ethyl esters of 2-[2-(N-phenylcarbamoyl) phenoxy]alkanoic acids with hydrazine 2-[2-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)phenoxy]alkanoic acids hydrazides were obtained, which are considered key intermediates for the synthesis of several series of new compounds. Schiff bases and N-imido-derivatives were obtained by condensation of hydrazide with substituted aromatic aldehydes respectively maleic anhydride. The synthesized compounds were characterized by physico-chemical methods (FTIR, NMR and mass spectrometry). .
Anthocyanins, the broadest group of water-soluble pigments in plants, present a special importance in terms of high potential for their use as natural colorants due to easy incorporation in aqueous media, but also for their nutritional qualities and beneficial effects on health, especially due to their antioxidant effects. A limiting factor for anthocyanins incorporation in food is low stability of these pigments under the influence of various factors, one of the most important being temperature. In this study, the stability of ethanolic anthocyanin extracts from wild bilberry, blackberry and black mulberry with and without added ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole was investigated. The variations in anthocyanins content and antioxidant activity during storage for 2 weeks at 60°C and 4 months at room temperature were determined. Total monomeric anthocyanins content was quantified by using a pH differential method and antioxidant activity evaluation was performed by using FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant capacity) assay. The obtained results indicate that the anthocyanins degradation followed first-order reaction kinetics. A very fast degradation occurred at high temperature. During storage at room temperature, anthocyanins showed a better stability. The untreated extracts present a good stability. Generally, the extracts treated with ascorbic acid present a faster degradation.
In the reaction between 2-hydroxy-N-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzamide and chloro-acetic acid ethyl ester, [2-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenylcarbamoyl)-phenoxy]-acetic acid ethyl ester was obtained. The ethyl ester was condensed with hydrazine giving 2-hydrazinocarbonylmethoxy-N-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-benzamide. This hydrazide is considered the key intermediate for the synthesis of new compounds. So, in the reaction between hydrazide and chloro-substituted benzaldehydes hydrazones were obtained. In order to establish their structures, all new synthesized compounds were analyzed by modern physico-chemical methods (FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS).
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