Phenolic wastewater was treated electrochemically by various cells consist different arrangements of carbon fiber and graphite electrodes by direct, indirect, and Fenton electrochemical oxidation processes. The oxidation process carried at 35 °C for 180 minutes and at 8 mA/cm 2 current density. One gram of NaCl per liter of electrolyte and 0.4 mM of ferrous ion concentration were used as a catalyst in the indirect and Fenton electrochemical oxidation process, respectively. The results indicated that the effectiveness of graphite-graphite cells in removing phenol via direct and indirect electrochemical removal was the highest of the other cells. In contrast, the cell of a graphite anode and a carbon fiber cathode was the most efficient in removing phenol using the electro-Fenton process, and 55.59% of phenol was removed after 180 minutes. This significant increase in the removal via the electro-Fenton process using carbon fiber as a cathode was due to the large surface area of the cathode, which improves the hydrogen peroxide production rate. The results of the kinetics study of phenol removal by different oxidation processes and by using other cells in the arrangement of the electrodes indicated that the phenol removal reactions followed the first-order kinetics. The extensive study of the reaction rate constant values showed that the electro-Fenton process in a cell of graphite (as an anode) and carbon fiber (as a cathode) cell was faster than the other electro-oxidation processes and cells. Specific power consumption (SPC) was also investigated and showed that the better arrangement is using graphite as an anode that gives the lowest SPC ( 57.1 kWh/kg phenol).

No abstract

This work studied the textual properties of the MCM-48 and rice husk ash using nitrogen adsorption-desorption at constant low temperatures. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the adsorption-desorption isotherm proved that the studied materials have a mesoporous structure with type IV. The obtained results of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm models showed that the nitrogen adsorption followed Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm. The found adsorption capacity and surface area values for MCM-48 were higher than those values for rice husk ash. Based on the Kelvin equation, Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda model was used to determine pore size distribution, pore diameter, and average pore volume for the adsorbents. The pore size distribution for MCM-48 was narrower than rice husk ash, pore diameter for MCM-48 was less than rice husk ash, and average pore volume for MCM-48 was higher than the value of average pore volume for rice hush ash. The comparison study results between the properties and those previously published for mesoporous materials indicated a convergence in the surface area of MCM-48 and pore volume. Moreover, the results of the comparison between the properties of rice husk ash showed that the surface area and pore volume were equal or less than those obtained before.

No abstract

Several new and know sulfonamide Schiff bases were prepared by the condensation reaction of sulfonamide (i.e.2-amino-4chlorobenzenesulfonamide, sulfamerazine, sulfanilamide, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole and sulfadiazine) with vanillin and salicylaldehyde, respectively in an acidic medium. These Schiff bases were used to a new series of β-lactam (azetidin-2-one) compounds (i.e. 4-chloro-2-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-mercapto-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide , 4-[2-aryl-3-mercapto (or 3-hydroseleno)-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl]-N-substituted benzenesulfonamide; Z5A1-Z5A6, Z5A9-Z5A12, Z5A2', Z5A9'-Z5A11') by their reactions with thioglycolic acid and 2-seleno-glycolic acid, respectively, in presences of phosphorus oxychloride and triethylamine. Cyclocondensation of the Schiff bases with 2-mercaptobutanoic acid in presence of zinc chloride afforded 4-thiazolidinone derivatives (i.e. 4-[5-ethyl-2-aryl-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl]-N-substituted benzenesulfonamide; ZZ5A2-ZZ5A6, ZZ5A9-ZZ5A12). All new azetidin-2-one and 1,3-thiazolidin-4-onederivatives were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, mass spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The toxicity of new compounds was assayed via the determination of their LD50 value by using Dixon ' s up and down method. The antibacterial activity of azetidin-2-onecompounds were tested in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the antioxidant and anticancer efficiency of compounds were evaluated.

No abstract

One of the major issues confronting the crude oil extraction process is the formation of various types of petroleum emulsions, particularly, water in crude oil emulsions (W/O) due to the presence of water and other natural products in crude oil. Natural product molecules help keep the water/oil interface stable and prevent water droplets from coalescing. In this paper, a polymeric Gemini surfactant was prepared as a demulsifier by condensation polymerization between phthalic anhydride and glycerol. In the laboratory, the physical characterizations of Nasiriya crude oil like water content, specific gravity, sulfur content, density, and viscosity were determined. The viscosity average molecular weight of the polymeric demulsifier was (2653 g/mol) when the constants (k=0.0002 and α=0.76). The active groups of a synthetic polymer were identified using FT-IR spectra. The authors made a Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the demulsifier. The conductivity of the demulsifier was linearly proportional to the concentration of the demulsifier. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of polymeric demulsifier was 11.3, which can treat Oil in Water (O/W) emulsions. The different acidity measurements of the polymeric demulsifier were shown to be generally acidic. The best result of water separation from crude oil was at conditions (30 minutes, 100 ppm, PH = 3.9, and the best value of separation efficiency of the demulsifier was 60%.

No abstract