Cow manure fertilizer was used as raw material for the extraction of humic acid in this research. The aim of this research were extraction of humic acid from cow manure fertilizer, characterization of functional groups based on FTIR spectra, and determination of humic acid functional groups. Humic acid extraction from cow manure used 0.050 M; 0.100 M; 0.250 M dan 0.500 M KOH solution. A cow manure fertilizer were shaken with KOH solution for 1; 2; 4 and 6 h. The quantitative determination of oxygen-containing functional groups of humic acid was conducted by titrimetri. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of –OH group and N-H stretching (bands 3361.46 cm-1); C-H aliphatic for CH2, CH3 (2946.52 cm-1 and 1442.24 cm-1); C=C aromatic components (1626.48 cm-1); COO- symmetric stretching (1521.71 cm-1); C-O stretching from –COOH (1229.74 cm-1). Total acidity value was 500 cmole.kg-1 (Baryta Absorption Method); carboxyl groups content was 250 cmole.kg-1 (Ca-Acetate Method); and phenol (OH) concentration was 250 cmole.kg-1. It can be concluded that humic acid successfully extracted from cow manure fertilizer using 0.250 KOH solution as extractant for 2 h, which has yield of 4.486% humic acid.
Zink oksida merupakan oksida logam semikonduktor yang telah banyak diteliti secara luas aplikasinya. Partikel ZnO berukuran mikro hingga nanometer dapat disintesis dengan penambahan capping agent, yaitu senyawa yang berperan mencegah terjadinya aglomerasi partikel. Pendekatan green synthesis ZnO dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan klorofil dari daun suji sebagai capping agent dengan variasi konsentrasi terhadap karakteristik (serapan infra merah, ukuran kisi kristal dan energi celah pita) ZnO yang dihasilkan. Sintesis ZnO dilakukan dengan prekursor zink nitrat, penambahan larutan ammonium hidroksida dan klorofil (Chl) dengan konsentrasi bervariasi (Chl 1= 19,60x10-6M; Chl 2= 2,45x10-6M dan Chl 3= 0,15x10-6M). Sintesis dilakukan secara hidrotermal dalam autoclave yang dipanaskan pada temperatur ±150oC dan ±180oC. Pertumbuhan kristal ZnO terjadi saat proses kalsinasi selama 3 jam pada temperatur ±400oC. Zink oksida hasil sintesis menunjukkan puncak serapan IR pada bilangan gelombang 447,49 cm-1 dan 601,79 cm-1, yang khas untuk vibrasi ulur Zn-O. Difraktogram XRD menunjukkan puncak-puncak kristal ZnO dengan struktur hexagonal wurtzite pada 2 sekitar 31°, 34°, 36°, 47°, 56°, 62°, 68 dan 89°. Ukuran kristal ZnO terkecil adalah 22,80 nm, yaitu ZnO dengan penambahan Chl 1. Nanopartikel ZnO hasil sintesis dengan penambahan Chl 1 menghasilkan nilai energi celah pita 3,29 eV, sedangkan energi celah pita ZnO kontrol yaitu 3,25 eV. Morfologi permukaan ZnO menunjukkan terjadinya aglomerasi. Berdasarkan penelitian, diperoleh bahwa penambahan Chl 1 dalam sintesis ZnO menghasilkan ZnO nanokristal dengan energi celah pita terbesar. Kata kunci: hidrotermal, klorofil, ZnO
Bath bombs were produced with ten different types of oil to determine the effect of the oil used on their physical and chemical properties. Bath bombs were prepared by mixing the dry ingredients first (citron, cornstarch, baking soda) and stirring until all the ingredients were well blended. Then, mixed the wet ingredients (water, oil, perfume ore, food coloring) into the beaker. After that, the wet ingredients were poured gradually into the dry dough, and this step was done until all the wet ingredients run out, and the texture of the bath bomb dough was slightly moist so that it can be put in the mold. Finally, the bath bomb is printed and tested in a laboratory. The result showed that the difference in essential oils used in the manufacture of bath bombs does not affect the pH of the bath bomb but affects the stability of the resulting foam. The acceptability test results showed that the resulting bath bomb provided a sensation of freshness and relaxation and did not cause allergies. Based on the SWOT analysis results, these bath bombs can advance and develop by implementing a vertical integration strategy
Polysulfone and cellulose acetate are common material in separation. In this research, polysulfone/cellulose actetate (PSF/CA) blend membrane was prepared. The aim of this research was to study effect of evaporation time in casting of PSF/CA membrane and its performance in filtration. CA was obtained by acetylation process of bacterial cellulose (BC) from fermentation of coconut water. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy was used to examine functional groups of BC, CA and commercial cellulose acetate. Subtitution of acetyl groups determined by titration method. Blend membranes were prepared through phase inversion technique in which composition of PSF/PEG/CA/NMP(%w) was 15/5/5/75. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were act as pore forming agent and solvent, respectively. Variation of evaporation times were used as parameter to examine water uptake, flux, and morphology of PSF/CA blend membranes. FTIR spectra of CA show characteristic peak of acetyl group at 1220 cm−1 indicated that BC was acetylated succesfully. Degree of subtitution of BCA was found at 2.62. Highest water flux was performed at 2 bar obtained at 106.31 L.m-2.h-1 at 0 minute variation, and decrease as increasing evaporation time. Morphology of PSF/BCA blend membranes were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that porous asymetric membrane were formed.
One of the potential raw materials for the preparation of geopolymers is kaolin. In the present report, the used activated kaolin is from Capkala Village in West Borneo. This paper presents an experimental study on the influence of different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios on the compressive strength and microstructural characteristics of the Capkala kaolin-based geopolymer. The used Capkala kaolin was a product of the calcination of the source material at 750ºC 2 h. The alkaline activator solutions that were used to activate the activated capkala kaolin precursor were prepared by mixing NaOH solution with Na2SiO3 solution. The activator solution was allowed to equilibrate for a minimum of 24 h at a room temperature before use. The geopolymer was prepared by hand mixing of the Capkala kaolin and the activator solution. Experiments conducted with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios of 3.8; 3.9; 4.0; 4.1 and 4.2 for all mixing. The resulting pastes are cast in cylinder molds of 2.3 × 4.6 cm. The pastes hardened 24 h in the forms, at room temperature for 24 h. The geopolymer was dried at 60ºC 2 h. The geopolymer was tested for compressive strength and sample pieces were taken from ones with the highest strength for XRD and SEM. Based on the test was obtained that geopolymer with 3.9 SiO2/Al2O3 ratios has the highest compressive strength that is 2.820 Mpa. The XRD analysis showed the peak at 2θ(º) 26,69o, 20,92o dan 19,77 o. The spectra FTIR of geopolymer showed the absorption at 3289.96 cm-1; 1647.67 cm-1 and 955.65 cm-1. Moreover, there are functional groups absorption for geopolymer such Al-OH stretch vibration (near 900 cm-1), stretch vibration of Si-O and Al-O (600-700 cm-1), Si-O-Al bend vibration (near 500 cm-1). The morphology of the capkala kaolin based geopolymer with SEM has succeeded in changing the kaolin structures in the form of regular slabs to be more irregular due to heating with a temperature of 750ºC.
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