This paper has reviewed the previous studies on metacognitive strategies based on planning, monitoring, and evaluating in order to develop reading comprehension. The main purpose of this review in metacognition, and reading domain is to help readers to enhance their capabilities and power reading through these strategies. The researchers reviewed articles, papers, and books related to the field. The studies indicated that the strategies used in reading comprehension are significant. The findings of this study reveal teachers scaffold to develop reading and comprehending abilities of students. This review study would help readers to consider metacognitive strategies as the input to design reading comprehension material and syllabus based on planning, monitoring, and evaluating strategies for students to improve reading skills for learners' better comprehension of the text according to their needs.
This paper investigates the communication apprehension (CA) and a form of anxiety which affects the engineering undergraduates’ oral communicative skills in English and particularly in oral presentations. However, this study was mainly based on the research question to be investigated: What barriers prevail among undergraduates that handicap their successful language learning and oral communicative skills in English? This study used qualitative instruments for collecting data; the instruments used were included as semi-structured interviews with eight participants and two focus group discussion to explore the barriers among Pakistani undergraduates. The data were analyzed using content analysis of the gathered data. The results revealed that communication apprehension can cause the variety of barriers among undergraduates during oral presentation. The results provided positive insights to communication practitioners and language educators on the issues related to communication apprehension; therefore, certain measures need to be taken to surmount the identified barriers.
Climate change impact is felt at a global scale. One of its results is the abnormal rain occurrence during monsoon season. In recent years, visible changes due to unusual weather events in Pakistan’s hydrological cycle were observed in the form of intensification of the hydrological cycle with changing of precipitation events such as floods and prolonged droughts. Hence, abnormal rainfall occurred in regions of southern and northern parts of Sindh, like torrential river floods (2010), flash floods (2011-2012), unpredictable rainstorms, etc. causing loss of lives, damaging infrastructures and crops, structures, and inhabitant displacement. In 2011, heavy cumulative precipitation has been recorded in the southern Sindh districts and the coastal belt of Badin and the LBOD and Kotri surface drainage system achieved their extreme heights. Another example of erratic rain occurred from September 8 to September 13, 2011 and produced an extraordinary discharge of about 14000 cusecs against the designed discharge of 4600 cusecs in the LBOD and Kotri surface drainage systems overtopping drains from several locations and wreaking havoc in the whole area of the southern part of Sindh.
This study aims to investigate the factors affecting oral presentation skills of undergraduate-learners of English that influence their academic performance which potentially can affect professional career. The study has used quantitative instrument as questionnaire partially adopted from McCroskey (1982) for data collection among 100 undergraduate-participants on factors affecting oral communication skills at one Public Sector University. Purposive sampling method was used since participants were selected on specific criteria of only first year engineering undergraduates. The data were analysed through SPSS, v.20 for obtaining percentage, mean, median, standard deviation, and standard error of mean to be measured. The findings revealed that oral presentation skills as the most problematic for engineering undergraduates. The results also revealed that the several factors affected engineering undergraduates' oral presentations.It has been noticed the oral presentation skills in English are essential in present day academic career as well as for professional success. Effective communicators know how it is crucial to possess effective communication skills. Graduates require an ever-increasing variety of skills to maintain relevance with global atmosphere of the new millennium (Riemer, 2007) and ever-growing need for good communication skills in English has emerged on high demand around the world (Richards, 2006). 21st century demands the graduates to acquire effective oral presentation skills. Research studies in a recent decade have indicated that 60% graduates spend their time in communication with people (Trevelayan & Tilli, 2008). Oral presentation skills in English are essential for undergraduates in this modern means of communication era.
This paper presents the impact on the RAMSAR site No. 1069 that receives fresh water by the Kotri drainage system. At present, the complex faces threats by effluents from the Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) system and from saline seawater intrusion during high tides. These threats have destroyed the ecosystem of the lakes Cholari, Mehro, Pateji and Sanhro belonging to the complex. The total present lake area, maintained at the Cholari weir crest level, is about 170km2. The lakes are expanding, available data shows that there is an increase up to 700% in the original lakes’ area, from 6058 to 41220 acres from 1954 to 1977. This is mainly caused by the operation of Kotri Barrage surface drainage system and has positive impact on lakes’ ecology because the drainage effluent is of marginal salinity. The rapid increase in the lakes’ area, of about 40% within 2 years after the functioning of the Tidal Link with saline effluents from LBOD and sea intruded water have changed the ecology of the area. This posed a significant impact on the ecosystem. Conversely, a similar rise in water level due to sea intrusion has nearly doubled the surface area and reposed a negative impact on the system. These lakes were giving shelter to a wide variety of local and migratory birds and had aquatic biodiversity. Hence, parts of Sanhro and Mehro dhands have been recognized by the RAMSAR Convention
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