BackgroundMalaria still poses one of the major threats to human health. Development of effective antimalarial drugs has decreased this threat; however, the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, a cause of Malaria, is disconcerting. The antimalarial drug chloroquine has been effectively used, but resistant parasites have spread worldwide. Interestingly, the withdrawal of the drug reportedly leads to an increased population of susceptible parasites in some cases. We examined the prevalence of genomic polymorphisms in a malaria parasite P. falciparum, associated with resistance to an antimalarial drug chloroquine, after the withdrawal of the drug from Indonesia.ResultsBlood samples were collected from 95 malaria patients in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in 2010. Parasite DNA was extracted and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) for pfcrt and pfmdr1. In parallel, multiplex amplicon sequencing for the same genes was carried out with Illumina MiSeq. Of the 59 cases diagnosed as P. falciparum infection by microscopy, PCR–RFLP analysis clearly identified the genotype 76T in pfcrt in 44 cases. Sequencing analysis validated the identified genotypes in the 44 cases and demonstrated that the haplotype in the surrounding genomic region was exclusively SVMNT. Results of pfmdr1 were successfully obtained for 51 samples, where the genotyping results obtained by the two methods were completely consistent. In pfmdr1, the 86Y mutant genotype was observed in 45 cases (88.2%).ConclusionsOur results suggest that the prevalence of the mutated genotypes remained dominant even 6 years after the withdrawal of chloroquine from this region. Diversified haplotype of the resistance-related locus, potentially involved in fitness costs, unauthorized usage of chloroquine, and/or a short post-withdrawal period may account for the observed high persistence of prevalence.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2468-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Blood pressure is the pressure generated by the blood against the blood vessel. Blood pressure is affected by blood volume and elasticity of blood vessels. Increased blood pressure is caused by an increase in blood volume or blood vessel elasticity. Conversely, a decrease in blood volume will lower blood pressure. The aim of this study was to compare the profile of blood pressure among people living in the highlands and lowlands (coast). This was an analytic survey research methods using 160 samples. The data obtained through the measurement of blood pressure using sphygmomanometers ABN and Littman stethoscope. Data distribution based on blood pressure classification (WHO criteria) was tested using Chi-Square test. The results showed that the number of people with normal systole and diastole are more in the highlands (75 % and 72.5 %) than in the lowlands (55 % and 36.25 %). There are more respondents with hypertension both systolic and diastolic in the lowlands (45 % and 63.75 %) than in the highlands (25 % and 27.5 %). Furthermore, blood pressure measurement data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney U test. Based on tests, there is  a significant difference between people living in the higlands and lowlands ( α < 0.05 ), so that H1 is accepted and HO is rejected. Conclusions: There is a  significant difference in the measurement of blood pressure among people living in the highlands and lowlands. Keywords: blood pressure, highland, lowland (coast)     Abstrak: Tekanan darah adalah tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh darah terhadap pembuluh darah. Tekanan darah dipengaruhi volume darah dan elastisitas pembuluh darah. Peningkatan tekanan darah disebabkan peningkatan volume darah atau elastisitas pembuluh darah. Sebaliknya, penurunan volume darah akan menurunkan tekanan darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan hasil tekanan darah antara penduduk yang tinggal di dataran tinggi dan dataran rendah. Metode penelitian survey analitik dengan 160 sampel. Data di peroleh melalui pengukuran tekanan darah menggunakan tensimeter ABN dan stetoskop Littman. Distribusi data berdasarkan klasifikasi tekanan darah WHO di uji menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah penduduk dengan tekanan darah normal sistole 75% dan diastole 72,5% lebih banyak di dataran tinggi dibandingkan dengan dataran rendah berturut-turut  55% dan  36,25%. Lebih banyak ditemukan hipertensi dengan sistole 45% dan diastole 63,75% di dataran rendah di bandingkan dengan dataran tinggi masing-masing 25% dan 27,5%. Selanjutnya, data hasil pengukuran tekanan darah di analisis menggunakan uji Mann Whitney U. Berdasarkan uji statistik di dapatkan ada  perbedaan yang signifikan antara penduduk yang tinggal di dataran tinggi dan dataran rendah (α < 0.05), sehingga H1 diterima dan HO ditolak. Simpulan: terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada pengukuran tekanan darah antara penduduk yang tinggal di dataran tinggi dan dataran rendah. Kata Kunci: tekanan darah, dataran tinggi, dataran rendah (pesisir pantai)