Beverages are consumed in Nigeria irrespective of age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Beverages may be alcoholic (wine, spirits, and beers) or non-alcoholic (soft drink, energy drinks, candies, chocolates, milks). Notwithstanding, most beverages are packed in cans, bottles, and plastics. This paper reviews the concentration of heavy metals from some commercially-packaged beverages consumed in Nigeria. The study found that heavy metal concentrations, including iron, mercury, tin, antimony, cadmium, zinc, copper, chromium, lead, and manganese, seldom exceed the maximum contaminant level recommended by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as applicable to drinking water resources. The occurrence of heavy metals in the beverages could have resulted from the feedstocks and water used in their production. Consumption of beverages high in heavy metal could be toxic and cause adverse effect to human health, depending on the rate of exposure and accumulation dosage. This study concludes by suggesting that heavy metal concentration in the feedstocks and water should be monitored by producers, and its concentration in beverages should also be monitored by appropriate regulatory agencies.

ABSTRACT

Lethal and sublthal concentrations of toxicants affect on fish behaviour, reproduction, growth and general physiological processes in exposed organism. The purpose of this research was to determine the organosomatic indices and behavioural responses of Clarias gariepinus exposed to diazinon. Adult fish (mean length, 35.24±2.80cm) were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 7 days and then exposed to varying sublethal concentrations of diazinon (1.00, 2.50, 5.00, 7.50 and 10.0mg/l) in a semi-static bioassay for 30 days. Organosomatic index was determined in the liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Fish behaviour was also monitored for several hours on and before exposure to diazinon. The final condition factor values were not statistically significant (P>0.05). All organosomatic indices tested were significant, unveiling the effect of diazinon on the probe organism organs. Behavioural aberrations were also observed in experimental group/treatment that received the highest dose of the toxicant. Based on the results, diazinon used for agricultural are anthropogenic purposes could have a devastating effect on Clarias gariepinus (a common Niger Delta wet land fish)

The aim of this study was to unveil the effect of Lambda Cyhalothrin on condition factor, organosomatic indices and behavioural abnormalities of Clarias gaiepinus (a common Niger Delta Wetland fish). Twenty eight (28) adult Clarias gariepinus (mean length 16.50±0.12cm and mean weight 42.2±0.10g) were acclimatized to laboratory condition for 7 days and then exposed to varying sublethal concentration of Lambda Cyhalothrin (o.012, 0.024, and 0.036mgl -1 ) in a semi static bioassays for 14 days. Fish were measured and weighed prior and at the experiment. Additionally, keen observation of fish behaviour before and after exposure to the toxicant was also done on daily basis. The final condition of the fishes dropped drastically at increased toxicant concentration (in a dose dependent pattern). Organosomatic indices of the liver (Hepasomatic index {HIS}), kidney (Renasomatic index {RSI}) and spleen (Spleenosomatic index {SSI}) values showed significant variation (p<0.05). HIS values increases in a dose

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