Data presenting the environmental
occurrence of ultra-short-chain
perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are scarce and little is known about
the potential sources. In this study, ultra-short-chain PFAAs were
analyzed in water connected to potential point sources using supercritical
fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Samples
(n = 34) were collected in connection with firefighting
training sites, landfills, and a hazardous waste management facility.
Ultra-short-chain PFAAs were detected in all samples at concentrations
up to 84 000 ng/L (∑C1–C3), representing up to
69% of the concentration of 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
(PFASs). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA),
trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMS), perfluoroethane sulfonic acid
(PFEtS), and perfluoropropane sulfonic acid (PFPrS) were detected
at concentrations up to 14 000, 53 000, 940, 1700, and
15 000 ng/L, respectively. Principal component analysis suggests
that TFA is associated with landfills. PFPrS was associated with samples
collected close to the source at all types of sites included in this
study. These findings reveal the presence of high concentrations of
ultra-short-chain PFAAs released into the environment from various
sources and emphasize the large fraction of ultra-short-chain PFAAs
to the total concentration of PFASs in water.
Abstract. Exposure to some pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been indicated to be a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with some subgroups of NHL. In a previous study we found an interaction between high concentrations of some POPs and titres of antibodies to EBV early antigen (EA IgG) in relation to NHL. In the present study we measured lipid adjusted plasma concentrations of 35 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethyelene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), seven subgroups of chlordanes (cisheptachlorepoxide, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, oxychlordane, MC6, trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane) and one polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congener (no. 47) in 99 cases with NHL and 99 population based controls. Odds ratios (OR) for NHL were estimated. Sum of PCBs > median in the controls gave odds ratio (OR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-3.9. High sum of chlordanes yielded OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.5. An interaction with EBV EA IgG was found. High sum of PCB gave OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.9-14 in the group with EA IgG > 40. Similarly HCB yielded OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.9-15, pp'-DDE gave OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4-7.7 and sum of chlordanes yielded OR 6.8, 95% CI 2.3-20, whereas no association was found with PBDE. In summary, this study confirmed an association between certain POPs and NHL with an interaction with titre of IgG antibody to EBV EA.
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