Resilience as a concept has found its way into different disciplines to describe the ability of an individual or system to withstand and adapt to changes in its environment. In this paper, we provide an overview of the concept in different communities and extend it to the area of mechanical engineering. Furthermore, we present metrics to measure resilience in technical systems and illustrate them by applying them to load-carrying structures. By giving application examples from the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 805, we show how the concept of resilience can be used to control uncertainty during different stages of product life.
Approximately 1 billion slum dwellers worldwide are exposed to increased health risks due to their spatial environment. Recent studies have therefore called for the spatial environment to be introduced as a separate dimension in medical studies. Hence, this study investigates how and on which spatial scale relationships between the settlement morphology and the health status of the inhabitants can be identified. To this end, we summarize the current literature on the identification of slums from a geographical perspective and review the current literature on slums and health of the last five years (376 studies) focusing on the considered scales in the studies. We show that the majority of medical studies are restricted to certain geographical regions. It is desirable that the number of studies be adapted to the number of the respective population. On the basis of these studies, we develop a framework to investigate the relationship between space and health. Finally, we apply our methodology to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of slums and different health metrics using data of the global burden of diseases for different prefectures in Brazil on a subnational level.
Narrow tolerances are commonly used to control uncertainty in the production of technicalcomponents. However, narrow tolerances lead to financial expense and limit flexibility. In this paperthe concept of a resilient process chain is presented. This concept covers the product life cycle phases ofproduction and usage. It is enabled by the digitalization in mechanical engineering and offers access tovariable process windows instead of rigid tolerances. First steps of this concept are then applied to the TU Darmstadt active air spring. The active air spring can be used to increase the driving comfort in avehicle or, for instance, to minimize kinetosis during autonomous driving. The focus hereby is toidentify possible production influences on the behaviour of the components usage. For this purpose, theactuator of the active air spring is specifically manufactured with typical uncertainty of high precisionmachining of the bore and characterized experimentally in a test rig. The results show an influenceof the production on the efficiency of the actuator. The measurements are fundamental to establish aresilient process chain on the active air spring.
This chapter describes three general strategies to master uncertainty in technical systems: robustness, flexibility and resilience. It builds on the previous chapters about methods to analyse and identify uncertainty and may rely on the availability of technologies for particular systems, such as active components. Robustness aims for the design of technical systems that are insensitive to anticipated uncertainties. Flexibility increases the ability of a system to work under different situations. Resilience extends this characteristic by requiring a given minimal functional performance, even after disturbances or failure of system components, and it may incorporate recovery. The three strategies are described and discussed in turn. Moreover, they are demonstrated on specific technical systems.
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