Ultrasonic implant site preparation is more time consuming and generates higher bone temperatures than conventional drilling. However, with the levels of irrigation, ultrasonic implant site preparation can be an equally safe method.
This study found worse biocompatibility of LM compared with HM. Thus, the amount of implanted mesh was not the main determinant of biocompatibility (expressed as successful incorporation and diminished foreign-body reaction) but the size of the pores.
BackgroundSalinomycin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic that has recently been shown to induce cell death in human cancer cells displaying multiple mechanisms of drug resistance. The underlying mechanisms leading to cell death after salinomycin treatment have not been well characterized. We therefore investigated the role of salinomycin in caspase dependent and independent cell death in colon cancer (SW480, SW620, RKO) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-453).Methodology/Principal FindingsWe detected features of apoptosis in all cell lines tested, but the executor caspases 3 and 7 were only strongly activated in RKO and MDA-MB-453 cells. MCF-7 and SW620 cells instead presented features of autophagy such as cytoplasmic vacuolization and LC3 processing. Caspase proficient cell lines activated autophagy at lower salinomycin concentrations and before the onset of caspase activation. Salinomycin also led to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) eliciting JNK activation and induction of the transcription factor JUN. Salinomycin mediated cell death could be partially inhibited by the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine, implicating ROS formation in the mechanism of salinomycin toxicity.ConclusionsOur data indicate that, in addition to its previously reported induction of caspase dependent apoptosis, the initiation of autophagy is an important and early effect of salinomycin in tumor cells.
The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible role of microcracks in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and to discuss an etiological model. Bone samples from 35 patients with ONJ were analyzed. Control samples were taken from five patients with osteomyelitis (OM), ten patients with osteoradionecrosis, seven patients with osteoporosis and bisphosphonate medication without signs of ONJ, and six osteoporotic elderly patients. Samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy. In 54% of the bone samples of patients with ONJ, microcracks were seen. Inflammatory and connective tissue reactions within the microcracks were evident in 82% of the cases, indicating that these cracks were not artificial. In contrast, only 29% of samples from patients with oral bisphosphonate medication without ONJ, no sample from patients with OM, none of the osteoradionecrosis group, and only 17% from patients with osteoporosis showed microcracks. Statistically significant differences could be found between the ONJ group and the group after irradiation and the group with OM, respectively. The evidence of microcracks could be a first step in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related ONJ. The accumulation of these microcracks leads to a situation that could be named "non-symptomatic ONJ". Disruptions of the mucosal integrity may then allow bacterial invasion, leading to jawbone infection with exposed bone, fistulas, and pain. This state could be called "symptomatic ONJ". Furthermore, an assumed local immunosuppression as indicated by various studies could explain the severe courses of therapy-resistant ONJ as regularly observed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.