In England, placement within the looked after system is not viewed as a desirable long-term solution for most children, and policy has prioritised continued contact with parents, and swift return home, wherever possible. This review examines policy approaches to work with families of looked after children in England and in three other European countries: Denmark, France and the Netherlands, aiming to identify areas for shared learning in relation to this challenging area of policy and practice. The research highlights relationships between care populations and policy understandings of the purpose of work with families, including understandings of children's and/or parents' rights.

Objective: Growing evidence indicates that metabolic syndrome is rooted in fetal life with a potential key role of nutrition during pregnancy. The objective of the study was to assess the possible associations between the dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) during pregnancy and biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome in young adult offspring.Methods: Dietary GI and GL were assessed by questionnaires and interviews in gestation week 30 and offspring were clinically examined at the age of 20 years. Analyses based on 428 mother-offspring dyads were adjusted for maternal smoking during pregnancy, height, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), education, energy intake, and the offspring's ambient level of physical activity. In addition, possible confounding by gestational diabetes mellitus was taken into account.Outcome Measures: Waist circumference, blood pressure, HOMA insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and plasma levels of fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, insulin, and leptin were measured in the offspring.Results: Significant associations were found between dietary GI in pregnancy and HOMA-IR (the relative increase in HOMA-IR per 10 units' GI increase was 1.09 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.16], p = 0.02), insulin (1.09 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.16], p = 0.01) and leptin (1.21 [95% CI: 1.06, 1.38], p = 0.01) in the offspring; whereas no associations were detected for GL. Conclusions:Our data suggests that high dietary GI in pregnancy may affect levels of markers for the metabolic syndrome in young adult offspring in a potentially harmful direction.

En protection de l'enfance, comme dans d'autres dispositifs éducatifs, le principe d'une implication des parents tend à s'imposer dans le discours officiel. Dans la pratique, cependant, le placement d'un enfant en institution ou en famille entraîne un éloignement et une disqualification des parents. À partir d'une recherche menée dans quatre pays européens, cet article tente de cerner ce que recouvre la notion d'implication et comment les parents peuvent, malgré le placement, être acteurs de l'éducation de leur enfant. Les professionnels et les institutions ont un rôle central dans la manière dont ils s'adressent aux parents, leur confient des tâches éducatives et organisent les moments passés entre parents et enfants.

, in January this year. His death has not been known to us before now. At his death, a part of North-Norway's veterinary history is gone, as is also much of the history of international and Nordic reindeer research cooperation. Sven's merits in research from the mid-fifties and as secretary general of NOR until his retirement in 1994 are well known through the compliments he got when he was granted the degree of Veterinary Medical Doctor Honoris Causa at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden in 1993 and at the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo in 1996, and when he was celebrated on the occasion of his 80 th birthday in 2003. 1 We will remember Sven as an upright and objective person who got trust in his continuous work to advance and disseminate knowledge about reindeer and caribou. His long international relations, and especially his work for Nordic cooperation in reindeer research, gave him friends everywhere in the reindeer world. We will stress the importance of Sven in creating a Nordic interdependence in reindeer research through his position an executive leader (although modestly entitled secretary) of the Nordic Council of Reindeer Research (NOR). The office gave him the task to develop a journal to give reindeer researchers expedite publication possibilities and create a link between the researchers and the advisers of the reindeer industry-to the best of reindeer husbandry. This goal is still a leading instruction for Rangifer. He was very engaged with getting reindeer and caribou researchers to publish in the journal, to have them contributing to reindeer science and to the reindeer society. For researchers, the best commitment to honour Sven is advancing Rangifer an even better scientific journal.