It has been generally assumed that differential accumulation of mineral nutrients, leading to greater accumulation of elements in mistletoe tissues, is associated with greater transpiration in the mistletoe than in the host. Only a few investigations have measured both tissue element concentrations and transpiration, or transpiration-related parameters such as carbon isotope ratios (δ13C). Seasonal means for foliar concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, N, transpiration and δ13C were obtained from ten mistletoe–host pairs, nine involving the mistletoe Ileostylus micranthus and one with Tupeia antarctica. Annual means of transpiration and δ13C were similar in mistletoes and hosts, but hosts showed greater variation in both transpiration and δ13C than mistletoes. Foliar concentrations of Ca and Mg in mistletoes were similar to those of their hosts, N concentrations were less, and foliar concentrations of K, Na and P were greater in mistletoes than in their hosts. Ratios of foliar concentrations of Ca, Mg and P in mistletoes to those in their hosts (M/H) were greatest when host transpiration was low, when host δ13C was least negative, and when the difference between mistletoe and host δ13C was most negative. The lack of a phloem connection between host and mistletoe, combined with circulation of elements in the host phloem and their transfer into the host xylem, provides a mechanism that explains the accumulation of phloem-mobile elements in the mistletoe.
By considering the system of interactions and experiences at SVD, I identified a series of themes and milestones for the men which led to the development of a designed value object. A value object can refer to that which creates value for the user. In this case, the object created a value proposition, working to celebrate the milestones that these men reach in their journey of change supporting the possibility of an alternative future for the men – a future without violence.
I have been working as a Masters student with a group of people that don’t generally have a voice in everyday discourse – perpetrators of domestic violence. Stopping Violence Dunedin (SVD) is run by experienced facilitators who instead of placing blame on their clients, work to empower them with a sense of community and positive self-worth. These men are taught to appreciate and build on their own sense of worth and my Masters project focused on creating a value object to enhance their journey of change towards a non-violent life. The value creation process involved using communication design as a tool to develop a social enquiry, working to understand this community and the challenges they face. By looking at their entire system of interactions and experiences, I was able to develop a series of milestones for the men which led to the development of a key prototype. The first ‘shift’ key could be gifted to the men in the group who show a shift in their thinking and are able to engage in the process of change. The second ‘manhole cover’ key to the men who develop leaderships skills and can men-tor newer group members. The outcome of the object created a value proposition working to celebrate the milestones that these men reach. This sense of value and appreciation could also extend to the possibility of an alternative future for the men – a future without violence.
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