Plant microRNAs have been implicated in various abiotic stress responses. We identified several conserved microRNAs that showed differential expression in Medicago truncatula plants subjected to water deficit: miR169 is down-regulated only in the roots and miR398a/b and miR408 are strongly up-regulated in both shoots and roots. Down-regulation of miR169 in the roots did not correlate with accumulation of its target MtHAP2-1 transcripts, suggesting that its regulation may not occur at the mRNA level or may depend on other regulatory mechanisms, which do not involve this miRNA, in water-deficit conditions. The up-regulation of miR398a/b and miR408 and the clear down-regulation of their respective target genes, which encode the copper proteins COX5b (subunit 5b of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase) and plantacyanin, highlight the involvement of these miRNAs in response to water deprivation in M. truncatula. Also, miR398 up-regulation is inversely correlated with the down-regulation of copper superoxide dismutase, CSD1, during water deficit. The regulation of genes encoding copper proteins by miR398a/b and miR408 suggests a link between copper homeostasis and M. truncatula adaptation to progressive water deficit.

Adaptive plasticity in stress responses is a key element of plant survival strategies. For instance, moderate heat stress (HS) primes a plant to acquire thermotolerance, which allows subsequent survival of more severe HS conditions. Acquired thermotolerance is actively maintained over several days (HS memory) and involves the sustained induction of memory-related genes. Here we show that FORGETTER3/ HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A3 (FGT3/HSFA3) is specifically required for physiological HS memory and maintaining high memory-gene expression during the days following a HS exposure. HSFA3 mediates HS memory by direct transcriptional activation of memory-related genes after return to normal growth temperatures. HSFA3 binds HSFA2, and in vivo both proteins form heteromeric complexes with additional HSFs. Our results indicate that only complexes containing both HSFA2 and HSFA3 efficiently promote transcriptional memory by positively influencing histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) hyper-methylation. In summary, our work defines the major HSF complex controlling transcriptional memory and elucidates the in vivo dynamics of HSF complexes during somatic stress memory.

In nature, plants are often subjected to periods of recurrent environmental stress that can strongly affect their development and productivity. To cope with these conditions, plants can remember a previous stress, which allows them to respond more efficiently to a subsequent stress, a phenomenon known as priming. This ability can be maintained at the somatic level for a few days or weeks after the stress is perceived, suggesting that plants can store information of a past stress during this recovery phase. While the immediate responses to a single stress event have been extensively studied, knowledge on priming effects and how stress memory is stored is still scarce. At the molecular level, memory of a past condition often involves changes in chromatin structure and organization, which may be maintained independently from transcription. In this review, we will summarize the most recent developments in the field and discuss how different levels of chromatin regulation contribute to priming and plant abiotic stress memory.

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Evidence for the existence of RNA-mediated silencing mechanisms in plants first appeared in the late 1990's, when short antisense RNA molecules were isolated from tomato plants where post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) had been detected (Hamilton & Baulcombe, 1999). Since then, the knowledge on sRNAs has broadened and these molecules have been identified as important players in a wide variety of processes in plants. Back in 2002, when the first set of plant microRNAs (miRNAs) was cloned (Reinhart et al., 2002), there were 218 entries in the public miRNA database (miRBase; Griffiths-Jones, 2004) whereas nowadays more than 15 000 entries can be found. The biosynthesis of sRNAs is triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules that are processed into small RNA duplexes by RNase III Dicer-like (DCL) proteins (reviewed by Bartel, 2004). S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase Hua Enhancer 1 (HEN1) methylates these molecules at the 3' end, in a sequenceindependent manner, protecting them from uridylation and degradation (

In June 2019, more than a hundred plant researchers met in Cologne, Germany, for the 6 th European Workshop on Plant Chromatin (EWPC). This conference brought together a highly dynamic community of researchers with the common aim to understand how chromatin organization controls gene expression, development, and plant responses to the environment. New evidence showing how epigenetic states are set, perpetuated, and inherited were presented, and novel data related to the three-dimensional organization of chromatin within the nucleus were discussed. At the level of the nucleosome, its composition by different histone variants and their specialized histone deposition complexes were addressed as well as the mechanisms involved in histone posttranslational modifications and their role in gene expression. The keynote lecture on plant DNA methylation by Julie Law (SALK Institute) and the tribute session to Lars Hennig, honoring the memory of one of the founders of the EWPC who contributed to promote the plant chromatin and epigenetic field in Europe, added a very special note to this gathering. In this perspective article we summarize some of the most outstanding data and advances on plant chromatin research presented at this workshop.

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