One of the problems tourism faces is how to make itineraries more effective and efficient. This research has solved the routing problem with the objective of maximizing the score and minimizing the time needed for the tourist's itinerary. Maximizing the score means collecting a maximum of various kinds of score from each destination that is visited. The profits differ according to whether those destinations are the favorite ones for the tourists or not. Minimizing time means traveling time and visiting time in the itinerary being kept to a minimum. Those are small case with 16 tourism destinations in East Java, and large case with 56 instances consists of 100 destinations each from previous research. The existing model is the Team Orienteering Problem with Time Window (TOPTW), and the development has been conducted by adding another objective, minimum time, become Flexible TOPTW. This model guarantees that an effective itinerary with efficient timing to implement will be produced. Modification of Iterated Local Search (ILS) into Adjustment ILS (AILS) has been done by replacing random construction in the early phase with heuristic construction, continue with Permutation, Reserved and Perturbation. This metaheuristic method will address this NP-hard problem faster than the heuristic method because it has better preparation and process. Contributing to this research is a multi-objective model that combines maximum score and minimum time, and a metaheuristics method to solve the problem faster and effectively. There are calibration parameter with 17 instances of 100 destinations each, small case test using Mixed Integer Linear Programming, and large case test comparing AILS with Multi-Start Simulated Annealing (MSA), Simulated Annealing (SA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), and Iterated Local Search. The result shows that the proposed model will provide itinerary with less number of visited destination 4.752% but has higher total score 8.774%, and 3836.877% faster, comparing with MSA, SA, and ABC. While AILS is compared with ILS, it has less visited destination 5.656%, less total score 56.291%, and faster 375.961%. Even though AILS has more efficient running time than other methods, it needs improvement in algorithm to create better result.
Objective: Extemporaneous compounding is still done for clinical practices in several countries, one of them is in Indonesia. This is due to unavailability or limited formula for pediatric patients or limited budget in the procurement of medicines. This study was aimed at recognizing the compounding personnel's characteristics and the characteristics of extemporaneous compounding based on prescriptions at primary health care centers. Result:Compounding personnel at Primary Health Care Centers in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia consist of 59 personnel consisting of pharmacist (40.68%), pharmaceutical technicians (10.17%), compounding personnel having health educational background (22.03%) and those from non-health educational background (27.12%). Most of the compounding personnel are women (74.58%) while the rest of 25.42% is men. Mostly, compounding personnel working at the Primary Health Care Centers (35.60%) are in their productive age; they are between 20 to 30 years old. Most of their educational background are undergraduates (S1); they are 27 persons (45.76%). Commonly, the prescribers were general practitioners (79.75%), midwives (15.08%), dentists (2%), and nurses (3.17%). Children (97.67%) are the patients who are mostly prescribed at Primary Health Care Centers. The pediatric patients were dominated by 0-5 years-old children (74.33%) while adult patients were only 2.33%. The most common prescription is one extemporaneous compounding per prescription sheet as much as 97.58%. The form of extemporaneous compounding is mostly 96.42% oral; it consisted of 88.36% puyer (crushed tablet) and 8.06% suspension. Conclusions:In this study, drug compounders in Primary Health Care Centers are mostly pharmacists. The prescribers of extemporaneous compounding in Primary Health Care Centers are mostly general practitioners, some midwives and nurses also prescribe. Patients receiving the prescription are dominated by pediatric patients range between 0-5 years old. It is common to find only one extemporaneous compounding per prescription sheet, with puyer being the most prevalent.
Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of the palm oil industry which has many potential bioactive compounds such as vitamin E, phytosterols and squalene. To obtain multi-component bioactive compounds, saponification and extraction processes are required. The purpose of this study was to identify a review of the comparison of several methods that are more optimal in separating the Squalene-Rich Fraction from Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). The study uses the systematic literature review method, where the review will study and compare several journal descriptions regarding comparisons in managing the optimal separation of the squalene fraction from the three types of methods offered, namely the method using solvents, the method using high pressure supercritical fluid extraction and the isolation of squalene method using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. This review presents a descriptive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods. The study compared three methods for separating the squalene-rich fraction. The review suggests that the safest method to use is separation with low temperature solvents or the so-called low temperature solvent crystallization. Reviews show that this method will not destroy bioactive compounds which are easily oxidized, be easy to apply, require low production cost and capable of producing high purity squalene-rich fractions.
The purple yam (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) has a useful anthocyanin as a natural dye which safer compare to the synthetic dyes. Anthocyanins have the antioxidant effect that can capture free radicals. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of purple yam extract in various concentrations on the physical properties and physical stability of lipstick. Lipstick was made in three formulas that is L01, L02, L03. To evaluate the quality of the product, the physical properties, and stability test for purple yam lipsticks were conducted. Physical properties test consisted of organoleptic tests, melting point test, hardness test, homogeneity test, the Pap test, and pH test. Lipstick stability tests were performed by stored lipstick for 30 days at room temperature 25 °C, then observed the change of shape, color, and odor during storage. "W" a top market leader lipstick in Indonesia was used as a control. Observed data of melting point, strength, and pH of lipstick were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and continued with Tukey. Organoleptic data, homogeneity, topicality and lipstick stability were described descriptively. The results showing no significant differences between lipstick L01, L02, L03 in organoleptic, homogeneity, pH and lipstick physical stability. However, when comparing with W lipstick, there is a significant difference in the melting, hardness and smearing points between L01, L02, L03 lipstick with W lipstick. It was concluded that purple yam extract may influence the physical properties of lipstick in particular melting point and hardness of lipstick. Although it has no effect on the stability of purple yum lipstick.
Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of the toothpaste from an extract of celery leaves on Streptococcusmutans.Methods: The toothpaste was formulated with various concentrations of celery leaves, F1 with concentration of extract (6.25%), F2 (12.5%), andF3 (25%). Each formula was tested the physical characteristics and antibacterial activity toward S. mutans. The antibacterial activity was determinedby the agar well diffusion method using brain heart infusion agar plates. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities were assessed by the presence orabsence of inhibition zones after the plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h.Results: The results from this test illustrate that all toothpastes under study at various concentrations of celery leaves extract exhibited antibacterialactivity. Maximum inhibition zone in antibacterial activity test was shown by F2 (12.5%). Therefore, we can use these toothpastes as naturalantibacterial on prevention of dental caries caused S. mutans.Conclusion: The toothpaste from an extract of celery leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against S. mutans.
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