Nutriomic analysis is a postgenomic-based study of nutritious components (nutriome). There is a need for an in vitro digestion and absorption model to unravel interactive factors varying nutriome release from various food materials that cannot be directly studied in humans. Effects of processing and in vitro digestion steps on carotenoid, sugar, and organic acid release from tomato, papaya, and mango products were comprehensively studied for the first time in this research. In vivo chewing experiments using 24 healthy adult volunteers was carried out prior to chewing simulation. Microscopy showed that cutting and blending alone were unlikely to mimic chewing at swallowing point. Using general linear model (GLM) ANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA), effects of interaction between digestion steps and processing types on the nutriome release were significant (p < 0.05) when 90% particles of 0.5 (dried) and 1.5 cm (fresh) were digested in vitro. Generally, dried and fresh fruits released lower levels of nutriome components than juices. PCA indicated nutriome release from tomato products was affected by the factors studied more than those from papaya and mango products. Fruit type is the main determinant factor relative to processing and digestion steps because it determines the extent of matrix that breaks down and consequent nutriome diffusion rates. It is predicted that pectin plays a role in determining the rate of nutriome release and absorption, which requires further investigation.

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Introduction Organic acids from plant food have been shown to play an important role in the prevention of chronic diseases (osteoporosis, obesity), inherent to western diets, but little is known about their bioavailability in the small intestine, information that needs to be determined in order to quantify likely effects on human health. Methods An in vitro model of human digestion was carried out, comprising simulated oral, gastric and pancreatic digestion followed by an in vitro model of small intestine absorption using Caco-2 cell monolayers. As models for fruits and vegetables, freeze-dried or raw samples of banana and sweet potato were used. Results Organic acids have been found to be slowly released from the food matrix during simulated digestion of both banana and sweet potato, either raw or after freezedrying. In the Caco-2 cell assay, malic and oxalic acids were absorbed more than citric acid. Oxalic and citric acids, but not malic acid, were transported across the cell monolayer. The release and uptake of major organic acids from model fruits and vegetables using established in vitro simulation processes was not quantitative and varied with acid type.Conclusion Partial uptake is consistent with a dual nutritional role for organic acids as alkalinising agents (fraction which is taken up) and as modulators of large intestinal function (fraction which is not taken up in the small intestine). Studies of in vivo digestive release and uptake are needed in order to identify the contribution of organic acids to the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables.

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Many studies have used Caco-2 cell monolayers as human intestinal absorption models. However, only a few studied digested foods, instead of pure standard compounds. Moreover, beneficial and nutritional molecules (nutriome) have not been investigated simultaneously. The present study explored nutriome passages from digest solution of fresh, dried, and juiced tomato, mango, and papaya using Caco-2 cell monolayers in apical-->basolateral directions. A validation method using complementary TEER and P(app) values or internal standard caffeine is recommended because physiologically passive diffusion is unlikely to happen. Sugars were transported into basolateral sides, resulting in potential glucose equivalent bioavailability of 2.26-75 mg h(-1)/100 g (WB). Using sugar passage rates (DB) of juices as 100% references, the rate order was tomato (49.8% dried; 89.5% fresh) > mango (56.8% dried; 22.8% fresh) > papaya (18.7% dried; 36.7% fresh). Major indications that phytochemical absorption does not occur in the small intestine were obtained from the bioassay condition selected. Apical organic acid levels decreased, which occasionally were transported into basolateral sides, whereas the disappearances of apical carotenoids and phenolics were not. Pectin substances were predicted to be responsible for the disappearances of bioactive compounds in those pectin-rich fruits. Further investigations on the role of pectin substances in intestinal passages are recommended.

Mayones adalah produk berbasis minyak dalam bentuk emulsi minyak semi-padat dalam air (o/w). Penggunaan berbagai jenis minyak dapat mempengaruhi sifat fisikokimia dan penerimaan dari mayones. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat penerimaan panelis terhadap mayones yang terbuat dari beberapa jenis minyak yaitu minyak buah merah kasar (MBMK), minyak buah merah hasil degumming (MBMD), minyak wijen dan minyak sawit (sebagai pembanding), karakteristik fisikokimia dan organoleptiknya, serta kandungan gizinya. Mayonesdibuat menggunakan rasio minyak dan air 35:40 sesuai dengan jenis minyak, dengan bahan aditif lainnya yaitu kuning telur, pati jagung, selulosa karboksimetil, mustard, cuka, gula, dan garam. Parameter mayones yang diamati adalah kadar air, viskositas, stabilitas emulsi, dan sifat organoleptik (warna, aroma, rasa, tekstur, dan tingkat penerimaan secara keseluruhan), serta kandungan gizi dan bahan aktif (total karotenoid dan tokoferol). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mayones minyak buah merah memiliki karakeristik fisik yaitu berwarnamerah-oranye, beraroma khas buah merah, stabil 3-6 hari penyimpanan pada suhu ruang, dengan viskositas 127167 d.Poise. Penggunaan MBMD dapat meningkatkan stabilitas emulsi,viskositas, dan tingkat kesukaan panelis terhadap warna, aroma dan rasa, tekstur dan penerimaan keseluruhan mayones; panelis menyukai mayones dengan aroma khas buah merah (original), tidak berbeda dengan aroma minyak wijen. Mayones minyak buah merah (MBMK dan MBMD) mengandung kadar air 46,3-48,8% (bb), abu 4,50-4,60% (bk), lemak 61,0-62,2% (bk), protein 1,58-1,95% (bk), karbohidrat 31,65-32,50% (bk), dengan kadar serat 0,30-0,38% (bk) dan total gula 10,66-10,84% (bk); dengan kadar total karotenoid 3160-4605 ppm (bk) dan total tokoferol 966-1105 ppm (bk), dimana formula mayones MBMK mengandung komponen aktif tertinggi.

Velvet bean (Mucuna sp.) has been proven containing many beneficial compounds that can be implemented in pharmaceutical and medicines but less noticed for functional foods even though traditionally it is consumed as daily foods or snacks. The indigenous food preparation such as velvet bean Tempe warrants scientific investigation to help society with better public health management. The objective of the review is to select the best method for functional food ingredient product development using velvet beans and provide hypothetical health-oriented food processing e.g. velvet bean flour as functional food ingredients with a focus on less water consumption during processing. Steaming is the selected method.

This study is based on the need to make pumpkin as an alternative in food diversification through the role of business people. The initial strategy was to approach mapping the actors in the pumpkin agriculture sector from upstream to downstream. The aim of this research was to map the supply chain management of pumpkin in pumpkin production centers in East Java. This research used qualitative methods and participatory approaches. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews, observation, and study of documents and data. The results showed that the management of pumpkin supply chain in East Java had a structure, mechanism, and institutional pattern. The existing structure was formed through the role of 9 (nine) business operators in the pumpkin agriculture sector. Information flow occurs in two directions in the form of information on the quality and quantity of pumpkin harvested, the market price of pumpkin, previous collaboration experience, products that have been produced from pumpkin, pumpkin distribution schedule, and product innovations that have been produced from pumpkin harvest. Financial flow was carried out in the form of cash and credit between business actors. The product flow is in the form of fresh pumpkin products to semi-processed products such as pumpkin chips and pumpkin flour. Based on the supply chain flow patterns, the interwoven relationships that occur are vertical/horizontal as well as trade and partnership patterns.