AIM:The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computed Tomography (CT) in detection and staging of pulmonary carcinoid tumors.METHODS:A total of 22 patients with pulmonary carcinoid tumors (14 typical, 8 atypical) were reviewed in this retrospective study. PET/CT images of all patients were evaluated for primary tumor as well as metastatic regional lymph nodes, bone and other distant metastases. PET/CT positivity of primary tumors was determined by visual interpretation. Tumor size, SUVmax and Hounsfield Unit (HU) values of the tumors were used to test for differences between tumor groups (typical carcinoids and atypical carcinoids).RESULTS:SUVmax of carcinoids ranged from 1.24 to 11.1 (mean, 5.0; median, 2.67). The mean largest diameter of primary tumors was 2.7 ± 1.3 cm, ranging from 1 to 5.5 cm. The overall sensitivity of FDG PET/CT for detection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors was 81.8%. Tumor size, SUVmax and Hounsfield Unit (HU) values of the atypical carcinoids were higher than those for typical carcinoids. However, the results were not statistically meaningful (P > 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET/CT in the detection of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes metastases were 25% and 83% respectively. One patient had bone metastasis.CONCLUSION:Although FDG PET/CT can be a useful tool for the detection of pulmonary carcinoid tumors and distant metastasis, it cannot discriminate typical carcinoids from atypical ones and absence of an FDG avid lesion cannot exclude pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Moreover, PET/CT is not a reliable tool in the staging of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes especially for those patients with typical carcinoids.

Objective:To compare standardized uptake values (SUV) derived from pre-treatment 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and clinical prognostic factors in pediatric patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).Methods:Pre-treatment FDG PET/CT findings of 28 children with HL were evaluated in this retrospective study. Metabolic tumor volume (MTV), SUVmax normalized by weight (SUVweight), lean body mass (SUVlbm), body surface area (SUVbsa) and plasma glucose levels of tumors (SUVglucose) were calculated using pre-treatment FDG PET/CT scan images. These metabolic parameters were correlated with clinical factors [age, sex, number of lymph node groups, presence of splenic involvement, bulky mediastinal disease, Ann Arbor stage, serum white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum albumin and hemoglobin levels].Results:SUVbsa, SUVlbm, SUVweight, SUVglucose and MTV were higher in patients with stage III-IV disease, bulky tumor and ≥3 lymph node groups (p<0.05). SUVbsa and SUVglucose were higher in patients with splenic involvement (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between these metabolic parameters and sex, ESR, levels of albumin and WBC (p>0.05). SUVbsa and SUVlbm were higher in patients with anemia (p<0.05). Additionally, significant increases were detected in SUVweight, MTV, and SUVglucose with increasing age (p=0.005, p=0.027, and p=0.009, respectively). SUVbsa and SUVlbm had no significant correlation with age (p>0.05).Conclusion:Metabolic parameters derived from pre-treatment FDG PET/CT may have an important role in predicting high-risk disease in patients with HL. Also, SUVbsa and SUVlbm may be better markers than SUVweight in the quantitative evaluation of FDG PET/CT scans in pediatric patients.

Tuberculosis is a systemic disease that still affects many people. While pleural involvement is frequently observed in extrapulmonary tuberculosis, multiple skeletal system and articular involvements are quite rare. FDG PET imaging could be a promising diagnostic and treatment monitoring method, especially in complicated cases and if the other methods are inadequate. In this case study, we report a patient who was admitted with suspected malignancy and then diagnosed with tuberculosis pleuritis, lymphadenitis, spondylodiscitis, and sacroiliitis with specific symptoms; the response to anti-tuberculosis therapy was shown using FDG PET/CT.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the role of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (FDG‐PET/CT) in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hydatid disease and also compare the morphological characteristics of the lesions with SUVmax values and identify complicated disease. Methods Thirty‐six patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary hydatid disease who underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging were included in this retrospective study. The size of the lesions, morphological characteristics, accompanying parenchymal and pleural findings, SUVmax and HUmean values and FDG uptake in mediastinal lymph nodes were noted. The relationship between morphologic properties, SUVmax of the lesions and lymphatic FDG uptake was analysed. Results A total of 99 lesions of 36 patients were classified as solid (7.1%), cystic (53.5%), semisolid (20.2%) and cavitary (19.2%). Thirty‐two of the lesions were encapsulated, 38 of the lesions had border irregularity. Accompanying consolidation was present in 10 cases, bronchial obstruction in 9, pleural thickening in 28 and effusion in 3. There was positive correlation between lesions HUmean and SUVmax values (r = 0.285). SUVmax values were significantly higher in lesions with irregular borders, solid or semisolid type and presence of consolidation, bronchial obstruction and pleural thickening. Also more lymphatic FDG uptake was detected in this group. Conclusion Higher SUVmax values may be a useful parameter in the diagnosis of complicated pulmonary hydatid disease. FDG‐PET may provide guidance for determining the priority of lesion for surgery in cases with multiple lesions and may be helpful to evaluate the response to medical treatment.

Common variable immunodeficiency is characterized by low levels of serum immunoglobulins and antibodies, recurrent infections, and a predisposition to malignancy. Here, we present the 18 F-FDG PET/CT findings of a 7-y-old boy with common variable immunodeficiency and Hodgkin lymphoma.

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Pancoast tumors are the masses that are located at the apical region of the lungs and may cause some typical symptoms, named as Pancoast Syndrome, like shoulder and arm pain, Horner's syndrome (ipsilateral ptosis, myosis, enophthalmus and anhydrosis) and weakness in ipsilateral hand musculature due to the invasion of the adjacent nerves and bone. These tumors are commonly the malign lung carcinomas. Here we report two cases of patients suffering from back and arm pain and that have some pancoast syndrome symptoms mentioned above, related to apical mass in radiological images. One of these patients had ptosis and anhydrosis associated with Horner's syndrome. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F] Fluoro-D-Glucose (FDG) with positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT)was performed because of a suspicion of malignancy and an intense FDG accumulation was seen coincident with the apical tumor in both. The patients then underwent complete surgical resection of the mass and the masses were postoperatively diagnosed as paraganglioma and schwannoma, respectively. So, we wanted to emphasize that neurogenic tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of Pancoast tumor as a rare cause and to remind the clinicians to give their attentions for essentiality of tissue diagnosis of Pancoast carcinoma before starting the treatment.