Current study shows that the Turkish version of the Dan-PSS questionnaire is an internally consistent, reliable, and valid scale for patients with PD. Therefore, it can be used to evaluate frequency and severity of LUTS in PD. LUTS are commonly seen in patients with PD in both sexes. It is suggested that all patients with PD should be referred for urological assessment.

Objective To assess whether trainees can learn and implement the operational definition of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), based on six morphological criteria, and whether its implementation improves their diagnostic performance and inter‐rater agreement (IRA). Methods Seven trainees evaluated a balanced dataset of 70 EEG samples containing sharp transients (35 from patients with epilepsy and 35 from patients with non‐epileptic paroxysmal events). The gold standard was derived from video‐EEG recordings of the habitual clinical episodes. The trainees individually reviewed the EEGs, blinded to all other data, in two successive training sessions, three months apart. The second session was preceded by a teaching module about the IFCN criteria, and the trainees implemented them during the second reading session. Results By implementing the IFCN criteria, trainees significantly improved their specificity (94.29% vs. 77.14%; p=0.01) and overall accuracy (81.43% vs. 64.29%; p=0.01) for identifying IEDs. Sensitivity also improved but did not reach the level of statistical significance (77.14% vs. 60%; p=0.07). IRA improved significantly from fair (k=0.31; 95% CI: 0.22‐0.40) to high‐moderate (k=0.56; 95% CI:0.46‐0.67) beyond‐chance agreement. Significance Implementing the IFCN criteria significantly improves the diagnostic performance and IRA of trainees in identifying IEDs. Teaching the IFCN criteria for IEDs will increase specificity in clinical EEG and avoid over‐reading, the most common cause of misdiagnosing epilepsy.

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Objective: Stroke in people aged less than 45 years is less frequent than in older patients, but has major impacts on both the individual and society. The aim of this study was to determine the etiologic subtypes of acute ischemic stroke in the young. Materials and Methods:We reviewed the hospital records of 619 patients who were admitted with acute ischemic stroke between January 2011 and November 2014. Acute ischemic stroke in the young was defined as patients aged 45 years and under. Demographic data, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at admission and detailed investigations aimed at determining etiologic cause were recorded. Etiologic stroke subtypes were determined using the automated Causative Classification System. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were recorded in the follow-up.Results: There were 32 (5.2%) young patients with acute ischemic stroke. The rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease were significantly lower in young patients compared with patients aged more than 45 years (p<0.05). The mean NIHSS score at admission and hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients aged 45 years and under compared with those older than 45 years (p=0.006, p=0.043). Cardioaortic embolism was the most common etiologic stroke subtype in both groups. Other causes were significantly more frequent in the young acute ischemic stroke group compared with the older patients. The median follow-up mRS was significantly lower in patients aged 45 years and under compared with those older than 45 years (p<0.001). Conclusion:Young patients with ischemic stroke have different risk factors, stroke etiology, stroke severity and prognosis compared with patients older than 45 years with the same condition.

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