In January 2019, Google was slapped with a $50 million dollar fine by the French Data Protection Authority, the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés (CNIL). The CNIL found that the company had failed to provide adequate transparency around how data was authorized and collected from users of its Android operating system. In addition to being one of the first major penalties levied under Europe's signature data privacy law, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the case is notable because it was initiated collectively by two NGOs, the French La Quadrature du Net (LQDN) and the Austrian None of Your Business (nyob). Since the Google case, NGOs have been behind some of the largest GDPR fines in
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